12怒汉中的批判性思维 纯英文版.doc

Arguments in 12 Angry Men In the movie 12 Angry Men,there are many types of arguments,including ethos,pathos,logos and fallacies. 1.Definition Aristotle (Greek philosopher) divided the methods of persuasion into three categories: Ethos（信誉诉求), Pathos（逻辑证明）, and Logos（情感诉求）. Ethos is appeal based on the character of the speaker. It is your personal credibility, the faith people have in your integrity and competency. Its the trusts that inspire your emotional Bank Account. Logos is appeal based on logic or reason，the logic, the reasoning part of the presentation is the only legitimate way to win friends and influence people. So Logos contains not only logic, but also the fact that is not arguable valid able figure, the sufficient reasons reasonable structures and so on. Pathos is appeal based on emotion，the emphatic sideits the feeling. It means that you are in the emotional that trust another persons communication. The picture below can give a simple description of these three kinds. A fallacy is an erroneous argument dependent upon an unsound or illogical contention. There are many fallacy examples that we can find in everyday conversations.2.Examples in the movieEthos（信誉诉求): The old man ,as a witness, said he heard the boy quarrel with his father , and then the father fall to the ground , while the woman said she saw the boy killed his father through the last two coaches of the train when the train passing. One of the jurors, an architect said that when a train passes, in addition to the noise of the train, people could hear nothing. And this indicates that the testimony of these two witnesses is inconsistent. In this example, the words of this architect are very persuasive.Logos(逻辑证明): In this movie,the police found a switch knife in the old mans chest,and it became the strong evidence. It was said that this knight wasnt an ordinary knife,and it was very unusual.The storekeeper said it was the only one in his store. When the boys father was died, the boy said that the knight fell through a hole in his pocket.But the juror #8 had a same one which he bought at a pawn shop two blocks from the boys house. This shows that other people may buy the same knife, and kill his father in this knife when the boy watching movies.In this example, the juror #8 showed the real evidence,and tried to prove there maybe another people who bought the knight just like him.Pathos（情感诉求）:In this 12 jurors, there is an old man who said that he thought the witness old man might lie. The witness is an old man,he was quiet, frightened, insignificant,and had been nothing all in his life. It is a very sad thing to mean nothing.So,to be listened to,to be quoted just once,that will be very important to him.Maybe,he wouldnt really lie,but perhaps he made himself believe he heard those words,and recognize the boys face.In this example, as an same old man ,this juror shows the inner emotional world of the witness, and gives a good reason. fallacy : In this movie, the boy was born into a poor family in the slums and lived there for many years. There are many jurors think that in the slums ,the people is born a evil, so that they dont believe what the boy said,and they think the argument of the juror who also came from the slums is not reasonable.They think the boy killed his father angrily is very normal,and this boy should be convicted, and be sent to the electric chair. This is a personal attack. Another example is that there are some jurors said they have no