何凯文直播课2月4日详细笔记.docx

何凯文直播课2月4日详细笔记 实战长难句阅读四步法之：独立成句 需要独立成句的六大元素：1.从句找准切分点！（原则就是：保证切分出来的句子是主干完整的句子。）（1） 关系代词前;关系代词还要找指代；有时还要调整关系代词的位置。（2）关系副(连)词后（但实际上前后都可以，反正连词不需要做主语） I have a dream/ that /one day this nation will rise up. I love this girl /who=girl is pretty.2.现在分词短语：主动 （前世就是一个句子，今生成了短语）3.过去分词短语：被动 （前世就是一个句子，今生成了短语）以上两种情况都需要：确定独立成句之后的主语！基本规律描述：（1）现在分词短语和过去分词短语做状语时，独立成句后的主语通常就是句子的主语； PS：有的时候是前面的整个句子充当主语； China has built an island fortress on a disputed reef, raising concerns 1）China has built an island fortress on a disputed reef 2）This raises concerns 中国在有争议的珊瑚礁上建造了一座岛屿，（这）引发了人们的关注（2）现在分词短语和过去分词短语做定语时，独立成句后的主语通常就是其修饰的那个名词； Note:过去分词独立成句之后就要变成被动语态。 具体范例：例1：Introduced to help enforce price controls in the fuel-hungry 1970s, Americas ban on crude-oil exports was all but forgotten when the economy boomed and imports soared. 1）Americas ban on crude-oil exports was introduced to help enforce price controls in the fuel-hungry 1970s 美国对于原油出口的限制在能源短缺的1970年代被制定（introduce）出来了，目的是为了帮助实施价格控制。 （但是）， 2）Americas ban on crude-oil exports was all but forgotten when the economy boomed and imports soared. （all but=Indeed） 当经济繁荣，进口飞涨的时候，这项禁令就确实被人们遗忘了。 凯文译文： 美国在能源短缺的1970年代限制原油出口，以便控制价格；但是，当经济繁荣，进口飞涨的时候，人们确实忘记了这项禁令。（不需要你翻译成这样，看看就好了.） 例2： 1（Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right）, and 2（seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel,）3 information protection is now high on the bosss agenda in businesses of every variety. 1. Information protection is Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, odd staff临时工 信息保护直到现在都被留给那些临时的，低级别的IT员工来确保正确；2. Information protection is seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, 信息保护被仅仅当作是数据丰富的产业关心的问题，比如，银行业，电信业和航空业；（但是）3. Information protection is now high on the bosss agenda in businesses of every variety. 信息保护现在已经成为各个行业老板们重视的问题。 凯文译文： 信息保护直到现在都被留给那些临时的，低级别的IT员工来进行维护，而且也仅仅被当作是数据丰富的产业所关心的问题，比如，银行业，电信业和航空业；但现在，各个行业老板都很重视这个问题。 例3： 原文：Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the minds emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” 凯文译文：研究者认为梦是情绪调节器的一部分，在大脑下线的时候，梦调节情绪。 1.1. Now researchers suspect that=believe 1.2. dreams are part of the minds emotional thermostat (调节器) 1.3.regulating moods ？ regulate moods. Dreams regulate moods. 1.4. while the brain is “off-line.”选项： Researchers have come to believe that dreams are susceptible to emotional changes. 2.1 Researchers have come to believe that 2.2 dreams are susceptible to emotional changes. 1.1=2.1 Suspect doubt ? Suspect +名词=不认为 =怀疑 Doubt +名词 =不认为=怀疑 I doubt your honesty. I suspect your honesty. Suspect +句子= 认为=believe Doubt+ 句子=不认为=dont believe 2.2 不等于1.3 A is susceptible to B; A 容易受到B的影响或者伤害； PS: susceptible 的用法： 1. A is susceptible to B= A is vulnerable to B. A容易受到B的影响2. A is susceptible to doing sth= A is likely to do sth. =A is prone to do sth. A有做某事的倾向3. A is susceptible =A is sensitive. A很敏感 例4：People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” /launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. 1. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” 人们被吸引到了一种消费文化中。 2. （“a culture of consumption” was） launched by the 19th-century department stores （ 这里就是launched by 就是充当定语） 这种消费文化是被19世纪的消费文化发起的。 3. the 19th-century department stores offered vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. 19世纪的百货商店在一种优雅的氛围中提供了各色商品 凯文译文：人们被吸引到了一种由19世纪的百货商店所发起的消费文化中，19世纪的百货商店在一种优雅的氛围中提供了各色商品. 判断： The department stores of the 19th century owed its emergence（出现） to the culture of consumption. A owed its emergence to B (所以这个选项和原文的表述反了，所以是不对的。) A 将自己的出现归因于B 写作例句： The Chinese economy partly owed its booming to the widespread of Internet technology. 中国经济的繁荣部分是因为网络技术的普及。 例5. Americas jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment - the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past. 1） Americas jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment. estimates natural rate of unemployment 2） - the rate = This is the rate. Americas jobless rate（低） natural rate of unemployment (低) 所以this 指代谁都是可以的。 （特别说明：指代很多时候不是唯一的，但是很多时候又是不会造成歧义的，所以也就无所谓了 。 比如今天有同学就问到： Life is the flower for which love is the honey 切分：1) Life is the flower 2) for which love is the honey. 其中which既可以指代flower也可指代life; 因为life is the flower啊! 凯文译文：生命是花朵，爱情是生命之蜜；） natural rate of unemployment is the rate. 3）below which inflation has taken off in the past. Below the natural rate of unemployment, inflation has taken off in the past. Inflation has taken off in the past (果) below the natural rate of unemployment（ 因）.= An extremely low jobless rate （选项正确） After you are rich(因), I will marry you.（国） （介词短语可以表示原因） 凯文译文：美国失业率在8月的时候是5.6%， 这已经低于（大多数人）评估的自然失业率。当（失业率）低于自然失业率的时候通货膨胀就会飞涨。 例6：Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team. 1. if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect 条件=原因 1.1 regularity（规范性） and conformity（一致性）( to a standard pattern)/ are desirable（想要） to the scientist 1.2 as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect 主语：the writing of his papers 谓语：would appear to reflect (及物动词) As + 非完整句！ As = 代词+ 定语从句 这里就不是as as 结构！ the writing of his papers would appear to reflect regularity and conformity to a standard pattern 2. Nor is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team. Management is not to be blamed / for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers /in favor of more conventional thinkers /who work well with the team. (in favor of = favoring = be in favor of) 2.1 Management discriminates against the odd balls among researchers. 2.2 Management is in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team. （有同学问为什么我知道是management是主语而不是researcher,这就是语言的难点，语法无法解释，只能靠语境和语言习惯） For 2.3 Management is not to be blamed.1 If + 原因，凯文译文：如果科学家的论文写作反应了对于标准化模板的遵从和认同，（而且）这种遵从和认同又正是（as）科学家所渴望和愿意（desirable）的，那么（我们）就不应该指责管理层“歧视研究者中的怪咖（思维与众不同的人）而更喜欢善于团队合作的传统的思考者”了。我之前写过的一个讲解，有空就看，没空拉倒：）Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor ofmore conventional thinkers who work well with the team. 主干识别： Nor is management to be blamed 倒装还原：Management is nor to be blamed. 但是nor是不能直接放到is后面的，这个时候nor需要变为not； 所以主干就是： Management is not to be blamed. 其他成分：状语从句：if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect这个句子的难点就在于两个as;大家很容易任性的认为这就是asas的同级比较结构。我上次都给出解释了说这不是同级比较结构，还有尼玛一大波人过来质问我为什么不是？好吧，我再仔细的分析一次，谁让我是中央空调呢？谁让我自诩为体贴呢。同级比较是这样的：He is as tall as his father. 同级比较中的第一个as是副词，第二个as是介词。还有一种同级比较：He looks as ill as he sounded on the phone. 这里第一个as是副词，第二个as是连词。因为He sounded on the phone 是完整的句子。而这里的第一个as是副词，而第二个as是代词！（我讲定语从句的时候讲过的）为什么我知道是代词？因为：the writing of his papers would appear to reflect 这个句子中的reflect是及物动词需要有宾语，这里没有宾语，只能由as充当；（as既可以引导非限定性定语从句也可以引导限定性定语从句！你没见过不代表不可以！再者，你管他什么从句，切开就好了！）那么as既然是代词，该指代谁？有可能是scientist也可能是regularity and conformity to a standard pattern；但是根据语境知道应该是后者。（你也可以固执的认为是科学家，但是不通顺啊！）这样这个句子就可以切分还原为两个句子：1. The writing of his papers would appear to reflect regularity and conformity to a standard pattern.2. Regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist. （有同学问前面为什么不加The，零冠词的时候多得是，你不要尝试着都搞懂，冠词用法能写篇博士论文了，你还真把自己当语法家了啊！他怎么写，你就怎么看，别当好奇宝宝！又不影响你的理解，不影响你做题！）这里第一