中级财务会计(双语)第二章 PPT课件

Chapter2CashandReceivables 第二章现金及应收款 PartACashandCashEquivalents Inthispart wearegoingtolearn CashCashequivalents Cash Cashincludescurrencyandcoins balancesincheckingaccounts anditemsacceptablefordepositintheseaccounts 现金包括纸币 硬币 银行支票存款账户的余额以及可以存入这些账户的款项 Simply cash moneyholdinhand moneyinthebank CashEquivalents CashEquivalentsincludemoneymarketfunds treasurybills andcommercialpaper 现金等价物包括货币市场基金 国库券和商业票据等 Thematuritydate 到期日 forcashequivalentsshouldbenolongerthanthreemonthsfromthedateofpurchase PartBCurrentReceivables短期应收款 Inthispart wearegoingtolearn Theclassificationof Receivables AccountsreceivableNotesreceivable Receivables Receivablesareacompany sclaimstothefuturecollectionofcash otherassetsorservices 应收款是企业在未来要求收取现金 其他资产或者服务的权利 Receivables Tradereceivables商业应收款 resultingfromthesaleofgoodsorservices Nontradereceivables非商业应收款 notresultingfromthesaleofgoodsorservices Exp AccountsReceivable Exp InterestReceivable AccountsReceivable Accountsreceivablearecomingfromcreditsale 赊销 Accountsreceivablearesupportedbythecustomer screditandaninvoice Notesreceivablearesupportedbythenoteandaninvoice Accountsreceivableareclassifiedascurrentassets becausetheircollectionperiod 收款期 isusuallylessthanoneyear ARarerecognizedonthedaywhenwedeliverthegoods services InitialValuationofAccountsReceivable应收账款的初始计量 Twopartswillbediscussed TradediscountsCashdiscounts TradeDiscounts TradeDiscounts apercentagereductionfromthelistpricethatcompaniesoffertotheircustomers pricereduction 商业折扣 公司为顾客提供的 从零售价中扣减一定百分比的折扣 价格扣减 Tradediscountsareoftenofferedtothosecustomerswhopurchasegoods servicesinlargequantity Inaccounting weuse netprice torecordARandsalesrevenue Netprice fullprice tradediscount TradeDiscounts Exp Acompanysellsamachineatapriceof 2 500 butsellsittoacustomeratlistlessa10 discount creditsale Netprice fullprice tradediscount 2 500 2500 10 2 250Dr AccountsReceivable2 250Cr SalesRevenue2 250 CashDiscounts CashDiscounts oftencalledsalesdiscounts representreductionsnotinthesellingpriceofagoodorservicebutintheamounttobepaidbyacreditcustomerifpaidwithinaspecifiedperiodoftime reductioninpayment 现金折扣 又称为销售折扣 它并不是对商品或劳务销售价格的减少 而是对赊购客户在特定的期间内付款而给予应付款金额的减少 应付款的减少 Itisadiscountintendedtoprovideincentiveforquickpayment encouragecustomerstopaythecashassoonaspossible CashDiscounts Exp Ourcompanyofferedcashdiscount 2 10 n 30 2 10 meaninga2 discountifpaidwithin10days 10days discountperiod n 30 meaningnodiscountifpaidwithin30days Twowaystorecordcashdiscounts GrossmethodNetmethod Grossmethod总价法 Howtousegrossmethod Atfirst usethefullpricetorecordaccountsreceivable Ifthecashdiscountisrealized withindiscountperiod thenputthediscountamountinto salesdiscount Exampleofgrossmethod Ourcompany scredittermsarestatedas2 10 n 30 OnOct 5 2011 wesoldmerchandiseatapriceof 20 000 Thecustomerpaid70 ofitstotalpriceonOct 14andtheremainingbalanceof 6 000onNov 4 Netmethod净价法 Howtousenetmethod Atfirst usethenetpricetorecordaccountsreceivable Ifthecashdiscountisnotrealized beyonddiscountperiod thenrecordthediscountamountas interestrevenue Exampleofnetmethod Ourcompany scredittermsarestatedas2 10 n 30 OnOct 5 2011 wesoldmerchandiseatapriceof 20 000 Thecustomerpaid70 ofitstotalpriceonOct 14andtheremainingbalanceof 6 000onNov 4 GrossMethodV S NetMethod Thegrossmethodsupposesallthecashdiscountscannotbetaken 总价法假设所有的现金折扣都不能被享受 Butifcashdiscountistaken thenputthediscountamountinto salesdiscounts Thenetmethodsupposesallthecashdiscountscanbetaken 净价法假设所有的现金折扣都可以被享受 Butifcashdiscountisnottaken thenputthediscountamountinto interestrevenue GrossMethodV S NetMethod InAmerica mostcompaniesusethegrossmethodbecauseit seasierthanthenetmethod ButinChina onlythegrossmethodisallowedtouse Comparingtradediscounts cashdiscounts Tradediscountsareoftenofferedtothosecustomerswhopurchasegoods servicesinlargequantity Cashdiscountsareofferedtothosecustomerswhopaythecashwithinthediscountperiod Thepurposeoftradediscountsistoencouragelargepurchase Thepurposeofcashdiscountsistoencouragequickpayment Comparingtradediscounts cashdiscounts Tradediscountsareexpressedaspercentagereductionfromprice exp 20 oftradediscount Cashdiscountsareexpressedastermsof2 10 n 30 Tradediscountsonlyhasonewaytorecord usethenetpricetorecordtheaccountsreceivableandtherevenue Cashdiscountshastwowaystorecord grossmethod netmethod Exercise P85E2 4 Uncollectibleaccountsreceivable Uncollectibleaccountsreceivable 无法收回的应收账款 orbaddebts 坏账 receivablesthatsomecustomersareeitherunableorunwillingtopay Thecostswhicharisefromuncollectibleaccountsarebaddebtexpense 坏账损失 Baddebts causes Baddebtexpense Uncollectibleaccountsreceivable Twowaystorecordbaddebts Directwrite offmethod 直接转销法 Allowancemethod 备抵法 Twoquestionsweneedtofocuson Whentousethismethod Howtousethismethod Directwrite offmethod直接转销法 Whentousedirectwrite offmethod Ifuncollectibleaccountsreceivableareimmaterial amountofbaddebtsissmall Orifwecannotreliablyestimate不能合理估计theamountofuncollectibleaccountsreceivableHowtousedirectwrite offmethod Whenaccountsreceivableactuallybecomebaddebts justsimplyincreasebaddebtexpenseanddecreaseaccountsreceivable 100 suremoneycannotbereceivedDr baddebtexpenseCr accountsreceivable Exampleofdirectwrite offmethod In2011 oneofourcustomerswentbankrupt 破产 hewasunabletopaythedebt 10 000 whichwereourcompany saccountsreceivable Suppose 10 000areimmaterialamountforourcompany Usedirectwrite offmethodDr Baddebtexpense10 000Cr Accountsreceivable10 000 Allowancemethod备抵法 Whentouseallowancemethod Ifuncollectibleaccountsreceivablearematerialamount amountofbaddebtsislarge Andifwecanreliablyestimate能合理估计theamountofuncollectibleaccountsreceivableHowtouseallowancemethod Firstestimatetheamountofprobablebaddebts估计可能发生坏账的金额Putitinto allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts 坏账准备 Dr baddebtexpenseCr allowanceforUA Allowancemethod AllowanceforuncollectibleaccountsAlsocalled allowancefordoubtfulaccounts Acontraaccount 备抵账户 toaccountsreceivable Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts Dr Decrease BeginningBal Cr Increase EndingBal Allowancemethod Threeeventsunderallowancemethod 备抵法下的 三个 会计事件 Estimatetheamountofprobablebaddebts估计可能发生坏账的金额Whenaccountsaredeemeduncollectible坏账真实发生Whenpreviouslywritten offaccountsarecollected之前的坏账重新收回 Estimatetheamountofprobablebaddebts Threewaystoestimatetheamountoffuturebaddebts 三种估计坏账的方法Incomestatementapproach利润表法Balancesheetapproach资产负债表法Acombinationoftwoapproaches两种方法的组合 Incomestatementapproach利润表法 Howtouseincomestatementapproach Weestimatebaddebtexpenseasapercentageofeachperiod snetcreditsales 按每期净赊销销售收入的百分比估计 坏账费用 Baddebtexpense creditsales P Exampleofincomestatementapproach P55illustration2 3Baddebtexpense creditsales P Inthiscase Baddebtexpense 1 200 000 2 24 000Dr Baddebtexpense24 000Cr Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts24 000 Accountsreceivable 305 000Less Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts 24 000 Netaccountsreceivable NRVofAR 281 000 Itwillbereportedinthebalancesheet Balancesheetapproach资产负债表法 Howtousebalancesheetapproach twoways Weestimateuncollectibleaccountsasapercentageofthereceivablebalance 按总应收账款余额的百分比估计坏账 Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts thetotalAR P Or applyingdifferentpercentagestoaccountsreceivablebalances 对不同应收账款余额应用不同的百分比 Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts AR1 P1 AR2 P2 AR3 P3 ARn Pn AR1 AR2 AR3 ARnaredifferentaccountsreceivablebalancesdependingonthelengthoftimeoutstanding 按应收账款的账龄长短划分不同的余额 exp P56 Exampleofbalancesheetapproach Exp P56illustration2 3AAccountsReceivableAgingSchedule应收账款账龄分析表Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts AR1 P1 AR2 P2 AR3 P3 ARn Pn Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts AR1 P1 AR2 P2 AR3 P3 AR4 P4 220 000 5 50 000 10 25 000 20 10 000 45 25 500Thelongertheaccountreceivablehasbeenoutstandingthemorelikelyitwillproveuncollectible 应收账款拖欠的时间越长 越有可能成为坏账 坏账提取比率应该越大 Exampleofbalancesheetapproach Exp P56illustration2 3AAllowanceforuncollectibleaccounts 25 500Dr Baddebtexpense25 500Cr Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts25 500Here 25 500istheendingbal for allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts Dr Decrease BeginningBal 0Cr 25 500Increase EndingBal 25 500 Firstyearofoperations Exampleofbalancesheetapproach let ssupposeitwasnotthefirstyearofoperations Thebeginningcreditbal fortheallowanceaccountwas 4 000 Dr Baddebtexpense21 500Cr Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts21 500 Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts Dr Decrease BeginningBal 4 000Cr 21 500Increase EndingBal 25 500 Exampleofbalancesheetapproach let ssupposeitwasnotthefirstyearofoperations Thebeginningdebitbal fortheallowanceaccountwas 4 000 Dr Baddebtexpense29 500Cr Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts29 500 Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts BeginningBal 4 000Dr Decrease Cr 29 500Increase EndingBal 25 500 Acombinationoftwoapproaches Somecompaniesuseacombinationoftwoapproaches 有些公司使用两种方法的组合 Theyusetheincomestatementapproachattheendofeverymonth Buttheyusethebalancesheetapproachattheendoftheyear Acombinationoftwoapproaches Exp Suppose2011isthefirstyearofoperation During2011 salesoncreditare 1 200 000 Thecompanyanticipatesthat2 ofallcreditsaleswillfinallybecomeuncollectible Usingincomestatementapproachattheendofeverymonth Baddebtexpense S1 2 S2 2 S12 2 S1 S2 S12 2 SYear 2 Baddebtexpense 1 200 000 2 24 000Dr Baddebtexpense24 000Cr Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts24 000 Acombinationoftwoapproaches Usebalancesheetapproachattheendoftheyear Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts AR1 P1 AR2 P2 AR3 P3 ARn Pn Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts 220 000 5 50 000 10 25 000 20 10 000 45 25 500 Acombinationoftwoapproaches Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts 220 000 5 50 000 10 25 000 20 10 000 45 25 500 endingbal Supposethisyearisthecompany sfirstyear sobeginningbal 0 Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts Dr Decrease BeginningBal 0Cr 24 0001 500 EndingBal 25 500 Usingincomestatementapproach Usingbalancesheetapproach Acombinationoftwoapproaches Dr baddebtexpense1 500Cr Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts1 500 Accountsreceivable 305 000Less AllowanceforuncollectibleaccountsIS 24 000 AllowanceforuncollectibleaccountsBS 1 500 Netaccountsreceivable 279 500 Whenaccountsaredeemeduncollectible坏账真实发生 Ifwearesurethatpartofaccountsreceivablewillnotbecollected thenrecorditasadebittoallowanceforuncollectibleaccountsandacredittoaccountsreceivable 100 suremoneycannotbereceived actuallybecomebaddebts Dr AllowanceforUACr AccountsreceivableExp Assumethatactualbaddebtsin2012are 25 000 weare100 surethatin2012 25 000willnotbereceived Dr Allowanceforuncollectibleaccounts25 000Cr Accountsreceivable25 000 Whenpreviouslywritten offaccountsarecollected之前的坏账重新收回 Sometimes accountsreceivablethathavebecomebaddebtswillbecollectedinpartorinfull Whenthishappens thereceivableandtheallowanceshouldbereinstated 当坏账重新收回时 应收账款和坏账准备应该予以恢复 Exp Assumethatthepreviousbaddebtsof 1 200iscollectedthisyear Dr Accountsreceivable1 200Cr Allowanceforuncollectibleaccount1 200Dr cash1 200Cr Accountsreceivable1 200 Exercise P86E2 9P86E2 8P86E2 11 Financingwithreceivables Inthispart wearegoingtolearn Securedborrowing担保借款Saleofreceivables应收款的出售 Securedborrowing Securedborrowing thetransferor borrower borrowedmoneyfromtransferee lender withthereceivablesservingascollateralfortheloan 担保借款 转让人以应收款为抵押 collateral 向出让人贷款 Thereceivablesbelongtothetransferorortransferee Thereceivablesstillbelongtothetransferor Example P65illustration2 5Transferor borrower SantaTeresaGlassTransferee lender FinanceBankDr cash490 700Financechargeexpense财务费用9 300Cr Liability financingarrangement500 000负债 融资合同 Loan 500 000 Financefee融资费用 620 000 1 5 9 300 Balance余额 500 000 9 300 490 700 Notespayable short termborrowing500 000 Signinganote Withoutsigninganote Example P65illustration2 5Santacollected 400 000ofthereceivablesinDec Dr cash400 000Cr Accountsreceivable400 000Santashouldusethe 400 000torepaytheloanborrowingfromFinanceBank Dr notespayable400 000Cr Cash400 000DuringDecember one monthofinterest 500 000 12 1 12 5 000Dr Interestexpense5 000Cr cash5 000 Exercise P872 15Transferor borrower HighFiveSurfboardTransferee lender EquitableFinanceCorporationDr cash439 200Financechargeexpense10 800Cr Notespayable450 000 Loan 450 000 Financefee 600 000 1 8 10 800 Balance 450 000 10 800 439 200 Saleofreceivables应收款的出售 Thetransferor seller sellsthereceivablestotransferee buyer Saleofreceivables Salewithoutrecourse Salewithrecourse Thereceivablesbelongtotransferee Cannotasktopay Salewithoutrecourse无追索权的销售 Ifthesaleismadewithoutrecourse thebuyercan taskthesellerformoremoneyifcustomersdon tpaythereceivables A CustomerB AR Creditor债权人 debtor债务人 C SellsAR Creditor债权人 Didnotpay Salewithoutrecourse transferor transferee seller buyer Salewithoutrecourse Whotakestheriskifcustomersdon tpaythereceivables AorC Thetransferee buyer takestheriskofuncollectibilitywhenaccountsreceivablearesoldwithoutrecourse 当采用无追索权的方式销售应收账款时 买方应承担发生坏账的风险 Salewithoutrecourse Ifitisthesalewithoutresource theseller transferor willdothreethings Removesaccounts ornotes receivable andanyallowanceforbaddebtsassociatedwiththem把应收账款 或应收票据 从账户中剔除 以及剔除与之相关的坏账准备Recognizesatfairvalueanyassetsacquiredorliabilitiesassumedbysellerinthetransaction把从交易中获得资产或承担的负债以公允价值确认Recordsthedifferenceasagainorloss将差额确认为利得或者损失 AR 600 000 Example Illustration2 6Seller transferor SantaTeresaGlassBuyer transferee FactorBankAR 600 000Salewithoutrecourse S F Cash beneficialinterest 540 000 Fairvalue 4 fee 50 000 24 000 26 000 seller buyer Willbepaidnow cash Willbepaidinthefuture receivable Example Removesaccounts ornotes receivable andanyallowanceforbaddebtsassociatedwiththemRecognizesatfairvalueanyassetsacquiredorliabilitiesassumedbysellerinthetransactionRecordsthedifferenceasagainorloss S F AR 600 000 Cash beneficialinterest 540 000 Fairvalue 4 fee 50 000 24 000 26 000 seller buyer Willbepaidnow cash Willbepaidinthefuture receivable Example Dr Cash540 000Receivablefromfactor26 000 otherreceivable Lossonsaleofreceivables34 000Cr Accountsreceivable600 000 Exercise P87E2 16 Canasktopay Salewithrecourse有追索权的销售 Ifthesaleismadewithrecourse thebuyercanaskthesellerformoremoneyifcustomersdon tpaythereceivables A CustomerB AR Creditor债权人 debtor债务人 C SellsAR Creditor债权人 Didnotpay Salewithrecourse transferor transferee seller buyer Salewithrecourse Whotakestheriskifcustomersdon tpaythereceivables AorC Thetransferor seller retainstheriskofuncollectibilitywhenaccountsreceivablearesoldwithrecourse 当采用有追索权的方式销售应收账款时 坏账的风险仍归卖方所有 Salewithrecourse Ifitisthesalewithresource theseller transferor willdofourthings thesameas salewithoutrecourse thesameas salewithoutrecourse thesameas salewithoutrecourse Thesellershouldrecordtheestimatedfairvalueofitsrecourseobligationasaliability 卖方需要估计追索义务的公允价值并将其确认为一项负债 Example Illustration2 7SalewithrecourseEstimatedfairvalueofrecourseobligationis 5 000 S F AR 600 000 Cash 540 000 seller buyer Receivable 50 000 24 000 26 000 Recourseliability 5 000 Assets Liability Example Dr Cash540 000Receivablefromfactor26 000Lossonsaleofreceivables39 000Cr Accountsreceivable600 000recourseliability追索负债5 000 Example Illustration2 7Ifthebuyer FactorBank collectsallofthereceivables Dr recourseliability5 000Cr Lossonsaleofreceivables5 000 Exercise P87E2 17 Questions Whatarethedifferencesbetween securedborrowing and saleofreceivables Securedborrowing transferor borrower transferee lender Sale transferor seller transferee buyer Securedborrowing receivablebelongstotransferorSale receivablebelongstotransferee Questions Whatarethedifferencesbetween salewithoutrecourse and salewithrecourse Withoutrecourse thetransferee buyer takesriskifcustomersdon tpaythereceivables Withrecourse thetransferor seller takesriskifcustomersdon tpaythereceivables Withoutrecourse threestepsinaccountingWithrecourse fourstepsinaccounting NotesReceivable Notesreceivableareformalcreditarrangementsbetweenacreditor lender andadebtor borrower 应收票据是债权人 出借人 和债务人 借款人 之间订立的正式的信贷协议 NotesReceivable Short termNotesReceivable termofanoteisnolongerthanoneyear t 1 Long termNotesReceivable termofanoteislongerthanoneyear t 1 Interest BearingNotes Interest bearingnotes带息票据Onmaturitydate weshouldpay faceamount面值 principal本金 interestInterest faceamount annualrate timeperiodofthenote 12 Example P60illustration2 4Twocompanies Stridewell Harmon Q1 Whichoneiscreditor lender Whichoneisdebtor borrower Stridewelliscreditor Harmonisdebtor Q2 Isittheshort termnoteorlong termnote Short termnote 6 month Q3 Howmuchistheinterest Interest 700 000 12 6 12 42 000 Example P60illustration2 4WhenStridewellreceivedthenoteonMay1 2011 Dr Notereceivable700 000Cr Salesrevenue700 000WhenStridewellreceivedcashonNov 1 2011 Cash 700 000 42 000 742 000Dr cash742 000Cr Interestrevenue42 000Notereceivable700 000 Example P60illustration2 4WhenHarmonsignedthenoteonMay1 2011 Dr Inventory700 000Cr Notepayable700 000WhenHarmonpaidcashonNov 1 2011 Cash 700 000 42 000 742 000Dr Notepayable700 000Interestexpense42 000Cr Cash742 000 Example P60illustration2 4IfStridewellreceivedthenoteonAugust1 2011 Dr Notereceivable700 000Cr Salesrevenue700 000OnDec 31 2011 Stridewellrecordedtheaccrualinterest Howmuchistheinterestattheendof2011 700 000 6 5 12 35 000Dr Interestreceivable35 000Cr Interestrevenue35 000 Example P60illustration2 4WhenStridewellreceivedcashonFeb 1 2012 Dr cash742 000Cr Notereceivable700 000Interestreceivable35 000Interestrevenue7 000 Exercise P86E2 12 Transfersofnotesreceivable Thetransferofanotereceivabletoafinancialinstitutioniscalleddiscounting 将应收票据转让给金融机构的行为称为票据的贴现 Thefinancialinstitutionwillchargethesellerafinancingfee 融资费用 fromthistransaction Transfersofnotesreceivable Fivestepsshouldbefollowed Recordthenotereceivableonthedaywhenwereceivedthenote 在收到票据当天确认 应收票据 Dr notereceivableCr SalesrevenueOnthediscountdate accrueinterestearnedont