北师大2016网络英语辅导.doc

201603学期北师大网络教育大学英语四期末考试考前辅导资料2016.6英语期末考试项目：第一部分：交际英语（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）第二部分：阅读理解 （共10小题；每小题3分，满分30分）第三部分：词汇和结构 （共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）第四部分：完型填空（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）第五部分：翻译（共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分）第六部分：写作（一篇作文，满分15分）I交际英语答题技巧：交际英语常考形式：给出第一句问语，选答语的情况(居多)；给出答语，选第一句问语的情况(较少)；还有给出问语或答语的一部分，让考生补充完整问语或答语。事实上，这就给了考生更多的提示，缩小了选择的范围，在一定程度上降低了试题的难度。在做类似考题时，应抓住题干中已有文字提供的信息，选择最符合题意的选项，排除干扰项。交际英语常考考点：询问信息、请求、打电话、祝愿与祝贺/希望与愿望，道歉与应答、感谢与应答、问候、邀请、问路、告别、提供帮助、购物、同意与反对、责备和抱怨、介绍、建议、预订、表扬与鼓励、安慰、赴宴就餐等在学习、使用和复习交际用语部分时，大家要掌握使用交际用语的几个原则：A. 礼貌原则无论在任何场合、表达什么看法/情感，发话/发问和应答都要有礼貌，即使表达不同看法或批评意见，也要委婉间接表达，使对方听起来不刺耳B. 利他原则在日常交际中，英语国家人民形成了一种习俗，即要尽可能为对方提供帮助和方便，对别人遇到的好事/成功要表示高兴，坏事要表示难过/惋惜，因此在交际用语中也要体现出来这种倾向C. 文化遵从原则在选择交际用语时，大家要有跨文化视角，也就是说，要克服本民族的习惯思维和应答模式，要使用得体的、符合对方习惯的方式来应答。要善于运用排除法解题我们发现，交际用语部分试题的选项中，错误选项不但错得比较明显，而且有一定规律可循，这为我们在解题时使用排除法提供了机会。错项的类型大体有：1.选项本身语法错误；2.选项议题与谈话主题无关；3.选项明显违反上述三原则；4.选项虽然与谈话主题有关，但不能提供发问者要求的信息、态度或观点 II阅读理解考题类型及解题技巧第一种：正误判断题正误判断题主要考察学生阅读分析、理解、应用和判断的能力，要求根据文章内容对所给句子即题干判断正误，此类题型往往依托短文内容进行发挥，或者给出意思相近或相反的几个句子要求辨别、判断，或者变换词语、句子结构来考查同一意思的不同表达。做此类题时，建议使用对照法，即使用扫读法在原文中找出与所给句子意思相近的句子或段落，两相对照，仔细辨别。正误判断题的解题技巧：（1）通读全文，把握文章大意和脉络，掌握作者意图。（2）阅读所给句子，回读原文，在文中找出对应的字句，对照辨别是否相符。注意在对句子进行判断时，一定要从文中找到依据，并进行比较、分析，不能凭印象想当然，胡乱猜测。只有完全符合文章意思的句子，才可判断为正确，那些基本意思相同，却仍有某一点不符合的应判断为错误。（3）重读原文，检查判断是否正确。第二种：有4个选项的选择题阅读理解考试常见题型主旨题，细节题，推理题，词汇题，态度题，或是非判断题1主旨题：主题思想题在考试中出现的频率较高，考查的内容主要包括主题思想、写作意图、文章的题目等。因为这类题可考查考生抓主要信息的能力，而能够抓住文章的主要信息又是阅读能力的一个极为重要的方面。这类题在设题时常会用到title, subject, main idea, topic, theme等词。常见的提问形式有以下几种：1）常见的提问方式有：（1）What is the general/main idea of the passage？（2）The main theme of the passage is_.（3）The passage is mainly about_.（4）The first paragraph tells us that_.（5）Which of the following can be the best title of the passage？（6）Which of the following expresses the main idea？（7）What is the authors purpose in writing the passage？（8）What is the authors main point？2）解题技巧：主旨题要求考生跨越文字本身，从整体上把握文章的结构形式和作者的推理过程。阅读理解文章多是议论文和说明文，这就要求考生必须熟悉这两种文体的结构特点。这两种文体的结构特点可归纳为：提出问题论述问题得出结论或者阐明观点。掌握这一结构，就可以迅速掌握文章的主题，把握文章的脉络。要想确定文章的主题思想，最容易且行之有效的方法就是找出文章的主题句。主题句在文章中的位置主要有四种情况：（1）段首：大多数文章的主题句就是文章的首句，所以要认真阅读段首句。（2）段尾：有的文章主题句出现在结尾。文章以列举事实开头，通过论证得出结论。（3）段首段尾：更多的文章是开头提出问题，点明主旨，通过议论，最后重述文章的主旨，使得文章主题清楚、明确，更具说服力。（4）中间：有些文章为了引人入胜，开头部分常会有个轻松、诙谐的引子，然后在中间部分提出自己的观点，接着再议论，最后得出结论。口诀：首段首句，末段末句，各段的首末句，找topic sentence 2. 细节题：细节题主要是测试考生对文章提供的细节与事实（如时间、地点、原因、结果、特征、方式、数字等）的理解程度。这类题目的共同特点是：答案一般都能在文章中找到。当然，答案并不一定是文章中的原句，考生需要根据文章提供的信息自己组织语句回答问题。1）常见的提问方式有：（1）According to the passage who（what, why, when, where） ?（2）What does the author say about？（3）What does the author think of？（4）According to the passage, which of the following statements is true？（5）In this passage, how many（how much, how often, how long）？2）解题技巧：（1）词定位法：命题人在设计问题时，往往会在题干中运用近义词语替代短文中的词语。因此，考生应通过分析题干部分所提供的信息，把握重点词语，并根据这些词语，迅速准确地找到问题在文章中的位置。（2）WH-信息定位法：该题型内容大多涉及到时间、地点、人物、事件、情景、数字、原因等，往往以who, where, when, what, why和how等提问。因此，考生要在迅速浏览全文时注意典型的WH-信息，并通过分析题干把握考查内容，从而确定问题的出处。3. 推断题：这类考题旨在测试考生的逻辑推理能力、语言分析能力和综合归纳能力。它要求考生根据文章内容做出合乎逻辑的推断，包括考生对作者观点的理解，态度的判断，对修辞、语气、隐含意思等的理解。这种题的难度很大，考生很容易出错。1）常见的提问方式有：（1）Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated?（2）It can be inferred from the passage that_.（3）The author implies that_.（4）The passage suggests that_.（5）What can we learn from the passage?（6）It can be concluded from paragraph 3 that_.（7）What is the authors attitude towards?（8）Which of the following best describes the authors tone in this passage?2）解题技巧：推断题在文章中是无法直接找到答案的，考生必须在正确理解文章字面意思的基础上，运用逻辑推理的方法，综合主旨句、主题句和上下文信息以及作者的措辞，做出总结性的判断。切忌主观臆断，但要果断排除明显不可能成为答案的干扰项。4词汇题：词汇题是询问文章中出现的某个词、某个词组甚至某个句子含义的题型。其中所询问的词、词组或句子，往往不为考生所熟悉，但又能在文中找到线索进行推测，所以这类考题是检查考生是否具备根据一个词、词组或句子所处的特定环境来判断其意义的能力。1）这类题常见的提问方式有以下几种：The word “” in line 5 refers to.The word “”（Line 6. para.2） most probably means _.By “”, the author means _.The word “” could best be replaced by which of the following?which of the following is nearest in meaning to “”?In para.2, the sentence “” probably means “”.2）解题技巧解答这类试题时，考生应首先明白，任何词或词语都不是孤立的，它或它们所在的上下文往往能提供重要的线索。(1) 标点符号是理解词义的一条重要线索，因为有些词的定义是通过标点符号，如破折号，括号，冒号，逗号等来完成的。如：Sometimes we work on night shift from 11:30 p.m. to 7:30 a.m.从破折号后的解释说明，我们可以断定“night shift”是“夜班”的意思。(2) 有些词或词组如is called，means，that is，is，or，define as，refer to 等通常引出某一词汇的定义、解释或说明。如：One sort of crimes which particularly worries people is juvenile delinquency，that is, crimes committed by young people.从that is的解释来看，我们可以断定“juvenile delinquency”即“青少年犯罪”。 (3) 举例可以帮助我们理解词义。对于有些重要的词汇和生僻词，作者常在此词后自带解释或例子。引导词有for example, for instance,或such as。因此，根据例子可猜出词义。如：You may select any of these periodicals：Time Magazine, Newsweek, Readers Digest or The New Yorker. 从后边列举的时代周刊、新闻周刊等流行期刊，我们可以断定“periodical”即“期刊杂志”。 (4) 靠形成反差、对照的词或词组猜出词义。常见的这些词或词组while，whereas，unlike，but，yet，although，however，in contrast，on the other hand，rather than 等。例如： Jane was talking with others while Eliza remained reticent all the time.文章的while作“而，却”解，由此我们可以断定“reticent”作“沉默寡言的”解。 (5) 凭借常识和经验猜测词义。如：The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.只要你知道so that这个结构，凭借常识就应猜出“lintel”的意思是“过梁，上门梁”。(6) 根据构词法来猜测词义。熟悉英语词汇的构词法，特别是派生词的构成方法及词义，可以帮助我们在阅读过程中有效地猜测词义，提高阅读速度，准确答题。例如：friendfriendlyunfriendly5作者的意图、态度、目的题：作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里，只能通过细读文章，从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来。这种题型常见的提问形式有：The author seems _.The authors tone in this passage is _.The purpose of the author in writing this passage is _.The authors intention in writing the passage is to _.The writer probably feels that _.In the authors opinion, _.How does the author feel about? 作者认为怎么样？Whats the authors attitude towards? 作者对是什么看法或态度？Which of the following can best describe the authors attitude towards? 下面哪项最能描述作者对的态度？The tone of the author is _. 作者的语气或态度是 .这类询问语气态度的考题中，选择项里常出现以下一些重要的词：sympathetic 同情的；critical批评的；doubtful怀疑的；objective客观的；enthusiastic热情的，matter-of-fact实事求是的；hostile敌对的；satisfied满意的；friendly友好的；indifferent冷淡的；subjective主观的；optimistic乐观的；pessimistic悲观的；disappointed失望的；neutral中立的。6. 是非判断题：常见的提问方式如下：Which of the following is true?Which of the following is Not true?Which of the following is wrong ?Which of the following is true except .答题技巧：一定要搞清楚题目要求：应选对的还是错的；运用选项关键词回归定位来答题III 词汇与结构：略IV完型填空：样例：以下短文中共包含5个未完成的句子，针对每个句子中空缺部分，请从A、B、C、D、E五个选项中选出正确选项，并把答案写在答题纸上。Do you know the story about the fox and the grapes? A fox is _21_ food. He is very hungry. Now, he stands near a wall. The wall is very _22_. The fox is looking up. He sees a lot of fine grapes _23_ the wall. He smiles and says, How nice they are! I want to eat them. The fox jumps and jumps, but the wall is too high. He _24_ get the grapes. The fox says, I must go now. I dont like those grapes. They are green. They are not _25_ to eat. 21. A. looking for B. good C. on D. high E. cant22. A. looking for B. good C. on D. high E. cant23. A. looking for B. good C. on D. high E. cant24. A. looking for B. good C. on D. high E. cant25. A. looking for B. good C. on D. high E. cant答案：ADCEBV. 英译汉的技巧英汉翻译一般需经过三个阶段：理解阶段、表达阶段和校对阶段。理解是表达的前提，没有正确的理解就谈不上确切的表达；而在表达时候，可以进一步加深了对文字的理解；校对则是为了保证译文能准确无误地表达出对原文的理解。三个阶段互为补充，任何一个阶段都不可忽视。直译是指在翻译时尽量保持原文的语言表现形式，包括用词、句子结构和比喻手段等，译文要求忠实于原意，语言流畅易懂意译指把原文的大意翻译出来即可，可以不注重细节，包括不注重原文的用词、句子结构和比喻，但译文要求准确并自然流畅。做翻译题最基本的方法:1.分析原文句子的结构，确定它是简单句后，找出句子中的“主-谓（-宾）S-V-O”结构；找出了句子的框架后，再寻找其他修饰语的意思。 2.根据句子中带有的连接词，确定它是复杂句或并列句，并找出两个分句之间的逻辑关系；3. 如果是复杂句或并列句，一定要找出链接两个分句的连接词，两个分句就是两个简单句，用上面介绍的翻译方法翻译分句，然后再由连接词和其他方面确定两个分句之间的逻辑关系，选择适当的句式翻译整个句子。 VI写作总体要求：切题 意义连贯 没有重大语言错误注意：1. 一定要留出30分钟的时间来写作文2注意要正确使用标点符号。3有效地利用起承转合等连接词。4要尽量使用现成的句型和成语，避免生造硬套（多背范文）5使用通俗易懂简单明了的句子。6写完应修改错误。7把语言错误降到最低程度8结构层次要清楚并有条理9强化写作中的包装概念（字数要够，书写工整） 10完稿检查，避免画蛇添足常用关联词：举例说明：for example; Take . . . for example.列举例证或观点：First; Second; Third; Last One is . . .; another ; still another Firstly; secondly; thirdly; finally On the one hand ,on the other hand递进：moreover; whats more; furthermore逆转：however; on the contrary; although对比：as . . . as; more than; similarly; likewise因果：because (of); result from; therefore; accordingly; result in分类：. . . can be classified into . . .; . . . fall into several classes/categories表达意见：I think; in my opinion; as far as Im concerned 开头句：Its generally believed that . . . Various views exist as to . . . There is much discussion about . . .结尾句：To conclude; to sum up; all in all期末考试题型：第一部分：交际用语（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分） 此部分共有5个未完成的对话，针对每个对话中未完成的部分有4个选项，请你从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并用铅笔将答题卡上的相应字母涂黑。1. - Do you mind if I switch off the radio?- _. Go ahead.A. Never mind B. No wayC. No, not at all D. No, youd better not2. - Well done, Jim. You did very well in the high jump.- _.A. Im glad to hear that B. Thats right.C. Thank you D. The same to you第二部分：阅读理解 （共10小题；每小题3分，满分30分） 此部分共有2篇短文，在第一篇短文后有5个正误判断题，从每题后的两个选项中选出正确答案；在第二篇短文后有5个问题。请从每个问题后的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出正确选项，并用铅笔将答题卡上的相应字母涂黑。Passage 1Three men traveling on a train began a conversation about the worlds greatest wonders. In my opinion, the first man said, the Egyptian pyramids（埃及金字塔）are the worlds greatest wonder. Although they were built thousands of years ago, they are still standing. And remember: the people who built them had only simple tools. They did not have the kind of machinery that builders and engineers have today. I agree that the pyramids in Egypt are wonderful, the second man said, but I do not think they are the greatest wonder. I believe computers are more wonderful than the pyramids. They have taken people to the moon and brought them back safely. In seconds，they carry out mathematical calculations that would take a person a hundred years to do. He turned to the third man and asked, What do you think is the greatest wonder in the world？ The third man thought for a long time，and then he said, Well，I agree that the pyramids are wonderful, and I agree that computers are wonderful, too. However, in my opinion, the most wonderful thing in the world is this thermos. And he took a thermos out of his bag and held it up. The other two men were very surprised. A thermos? they exclaimed. But thats a simple thing. Oh, no，its not, the third man said. In the winter you put in a hot drink and it stays hot. In the summer you put in a cold drink and it stays cold. How does the thermos know whether its winter or summer？ 1. The underlined word thermos in Chinese means 保温瓶.A. T B. F2. That the three men could not agree on what the worlds greatest wonder was because they all had different ideas.A. T B. F3. The first man thought the pyramids were the most wonderful things in the world because they had been built with very simple tools.A. T B. F4. The third man thought a thermos was the most wonderful thing in the world because it cost less than a computer.A. T B. F5. The third man was not very clever because he could not think of anything to say.A. T B. FPassage 2Our childs behavior is greatly influenced by the way we react to what he has done. Our reactions help to determine whether our child will repeat his behavior or whether he will do something different. This statement is a very important part of a principle of behavioral psychology.The principle states that a behavior is influenced or affected by how the environment - people, places and things - immediately responds to the behavior. Perhaps without realizing it, you have used this principle many times.On the occasion when you told your child what a good boy he was after he cleaned up his room, you used the principle. When you sent your child to his room for fighting with his brother, you used the principle. When I gave Kim a cookie after she started to cry, I used the principle. In each of these examples, a particular behavior occurred first - cleaning up a room, fighting, and crying.In addition, there was a reaction to each behavior - the child was praised, sent to his room, or given a cookie. By these actions, we have influenced the previous behaviors and have helped to determine whether those behaviors will occur again in the future.6. What is the lecture mainly about?A. Children and environmental protection. B. Childrens behavior and fighting.C. Childrens behavior and our response. D. Children and principles.7. On what kind of principle is the lecture based?A. A principle in chemistry. B. A principle in behavioral psychology.C. A principle in physics. D. A principle in geology.8. Who do you think the audience at this lecture might be?A. Teachers. B. Doctors.C. Social workers. D. Parents.9. According to the lecture, why was the child sent to his room?A. As a kind of punishment. B. As a kind of reward.C. As an experiment on the principle. D. As an example of the principle.10. What does the lecturer mean by environment?A. Rooms, cookies and toys. B. Water, air and forest.C. People, places and things. D. Family, school and friends.Passage 3What makes one person more intelligent than another? What makes one person a genius, like the brilliant Albert Einstein, and another person a fool? Are people born intelligent or stupid, or is intelligence the result of where and how you live? These are very old questions and the answers to them are still not clear. We know, however, that just being born with a good mind is not enough. In some ways, the mind is like a leg or an arm muscle. It needs exercise. Mental exercise is particularly important for young children. Many child psychologists (心理学家) think that parents should play with their children more often and give them problems to think about. The children are then more likely to grow up bright and intelligent. If, on the other hand, children are left alone a great deal with nothing to do, they are more likely to become dull and unintelligent. Parents should also be careful with what they say to young children. According to some psychologists, if parents are always telling a child that he or she is a fool or an idiot, then the child is more likely to keep doing silly and foolish things. So it is probably better for parents to say very positive things to their children, such as That was a very clever thing you did. or You are such a smart child. 11. The word intelligent in the 1st paragraph probably mean bright.A.T B. F12. According to the context we can guess that a genius is a normal person while an idiot is a funny person.A.T B. F13. A person born with a good brain and putting it into active use is more likely to become a genius.A.T B. F14. It is better for parents to praise and encourage their children more often.A.T B. F15. Intelligence is obviously the result of where and how you live.A.T B. FPassage 4Albert Einstein had a great effect on science and history, greater than what only a few other men have achieved. An American university president once commented that Einstein had created a new outlook, a new view of the universe. It may be some time before the average mind understands fully the identity of time and space and so on-but even ordinary men understand now that the universe is something larger than ever thought before.By 1914 the young Einstein had gained world fame. He accepted the offer to become a professor at the Prussian Academy of Science in Berlin. He had few duties, little teaching and unlimited opportunities for study, but soon his peace and quiet were broken by the First World War. Einstein hated violence. The misery of war affected him deeply, and he sat unhappily in his office doing little. He lost interest in his research. Only when peace came in 1918 was he able to get back to work.In the years following World War I honors were increasingly heaped on him. He became the head of the Kaiser Whihem Institute of Theoretical Physics. In 1921 he won the Noble Prize, and he was honored in Germany until the rise of Nazism when he was driven from Germany because he was a Jew.16. The main idea of Paragraph 1 is _.A. the time when people know Einstein B .the feeling of an American college presidentC. the change in human thought produced by Einstein D. the difficulty of Einsteins thought to teachers17. According to the American university president, _.A. everyone understands Einsteins theory todayB. Einstein achieved more than any other scientists in historyC. The theory of relativity can be quickly learned by everyoneD. Our ideas about the universe are d