动词概述、助动词和情态动词.doc

动词概述、助动词和情态动词7.0 动词概述 表示动作和状态的词叫做动词。英语中的时态、语态、语气和非谓语形式等都是由动词来表达的，因此，动词在英语语法体系的处于中心和核心地位，是英语学习的重点和难点。 7.1 动词的种类7.1.1 根据功能分类根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类：实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。见表7.1。 表7.1 动词的分类类别特点用法举例实义动词 及物动词(vt.) 后跟宾语后接宾语表达整体意思She has a nice dress.不及物动词(vi.) 其后不能直接接宾语 可独立作谓语He comes late everyday.系动词 后跟表语不能独立做谓语，跟表语构成完整意思They are doctors.助动词 后接动词原形或分词（无词汇意义）不能独立做谓语，跟主要动词构成谓语，表示疑问，否定及各种时态I dont like his way of living.情态动词 后接动词原形（有自己的词汇意思）不能独立做谓语。表示说话人语气、情态，无人称和数的变化You must go to school on time.7.1.2 根据与主语的限定关系分类根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类：限定动词(Finite Verb)和非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)。1) She sings very well. 她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。)2) She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。)英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。7.1.3 根据动词的组成形式分类根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类：单字词(One-Word Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase)。1) The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词)2) Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词)3) The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。(take care of是动词短语)7.1.4 按动词的形式分类按动词的形式可以分为:谓语动词和非谓语动词。1、谓语动词 表7.2 谓语动词形式用法举例人称与主语在人称一致I am washing now. 第一人称数与主语在数上一致He sings well. 第三人称单数时态表示动作发生的时间He wrote a letter to me last month. 过去时态语态主语是动作的发生者或者承受者We study English. 主动The room was filled with newspapers. 被动语气说话人表达事实、要求、愿望等He has gone to America. 事实I wish I could swim like a fish. 愿望2、非谓语动词 表7.3 非谓语动词形式意义用途举例不定式起形容词和名词作用可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语It takes me 20 minutes to go home.动名词起名词作用作主语和宾语She likes singing.分词现在分词起形容词、副词作用，表主动作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语The window is broken.过去分词起形容词、副词作用，表被动The door was broken by him.7.1.5动词的五种形态原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Person)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。7.2 助动词 协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。7.2.1 助动词be的用法1. be + 现在分词，构成进行时态。如：1) They are watching TV. 他们正在看电视。（现在进行时）2) English was becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。（过去进行时）2. be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。如：3) The apple was eaten by Lucy. 苹果被露西吃了。 4) English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。IPS用法小贴士Tbe + 动词不定式，可表示下列意义：1. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如： 1) He is to go to London next week. 他下周要去伦敦。2) We are to wash ourselves. 我们要洗澡了。 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。2. 表示命令。例如：3) You are to reach a conclusion. 对此你要做出总结。4) He is to come to the classroom. 要他今天下午来教室。3 表示相约、商定。例如：5) We are to meet at the school gate at eight next Friday. 我们下周五8点在校门口集合。7.2.2 助动词have的用法1. have + 过去分词，构成完成时态。例如：1) He has finished homework. 他已完成了作业。（现在完成时）2) By the end of last year, they had finished half of their work.去年末为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。（过去完成时）2. have + been + 现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：3) She has been looking for her mother for five years.五年来，她一直在寻找她的妈妈。（现在完成进行时）3. have + been + 过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：4) The present has been sent to her.礼物已经寄给她了。7.2.3 助动词do 的用法 1. 构成一般疑问句。例如：1) Do you like English? 你喜欢英语吗？2) Did you go shopping? 你去购物了吗？2. do + not 构成否定句。例如：3) I do not want to join your party. 我不想参加你们的聚会。3. 构成否定祈使句。例如：4) Dont stay there！不要呆在那里！4. 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：5) Do wait for me. 一定要等着我。5. 用于倒装句。例如：6) Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。6. 用作代动词。例如：7) -Do you believe him? -Yes, I do. 你相信他吗？ 是的，我相信。IPS用法小贴士T1. 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。2. 引导倒装句的副词常见的有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。7.2.3 助动词shall和willshall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如：1) I shall work harder. 我将更加勤奋工作。2) He will return. 他要回来了。IPS用法小贴士T在传统语法中，shall用于第一人称，will 用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词。7.2.4 助动词should和would1. should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时。例如：1) I want to know what I should do next. 我想知道下一步我该做什么。2. would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。2) She said she would leave for Shanghai. 她说她要去上海。RACTICE即学即练PMultiple choice1. If it is fine tomorrow, we _ a football match.A. have B. will have C. has D. shall has2. When he was at school, he _ early and take a walk before breakfast. A. will rise B. shall rise C. should rise D. would rise3. In the past 30 years China _ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist construction. A. has made B. have made C. had made D. having made4. I _ go to bed until I _ finished my work. A. dont/had B. didnt/have C. didnt/had D. dont/have5. _ you think he _ back by dinner time? A. Do/have come B. Did/will have come C. Does/will come D. Do/will have come6. He said that he dropped his bag when he _ for the bus. A. was running B. was running C. were running D. is running7. No sooner _ he arrived home than he _ to start on another journey. A. has/was asked B. have/were asked C. had/is asked D. had/was asked8.“_ you give me a room for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel. A. Should B. Can C. Might D. May9. There are nine of them, so _ get into the car at the same time. A. they may not at all B. all they may not C. they cant all D. all they cant10.“We didnt see him at the lecture yesterday.” “He _it.” A. mustnt attend B. cannot have attended C. would have not attended D. neednt have attended7.3 情态动词7.3.1 概述1. 情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪，态度或语气的动词，但不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。 如：1) May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗？2) You must obey the school rules. 你必须遵守校规。 2. 情态动词主要有：1. can, could 2. be able to 3. may, might 4. must 5. have to 6. need 7. used to 8. had better 9. should 10. ought to3. 情态动词的语法特征(1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。(2) 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。(3) 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。(4) 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。7.3.2 can 和could的用法 (could可作为can的过去式)1. 表示能力1) Da Shan can speak Chinese very well. 大山能流利地讲汉语。2) She could play the violin when she was young. 她年轻时就能弹钢琴。2. 表示可能性3) He cant be at home. 他不可能在家。4) Anybody can make mistake. 任何人都可能会犯错误。3. 表示许可5) Father said I could go to cinema. 爸爸说我可以去看电影。 6) You can play in the garden for a while. 你可以在花园里玩一会儿。4. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度（主要用语否定句、疑问句和感叹句中）。7) Where could/can they go now? 他们现在能去哪儿呢？8) He surely cant finish the task already! 他肯定不可能已经完成任务了！ 5. 比较委婉客气地提出较非正规的请求。这时could 和can 没有时间上的差别，只不过用could比can用显得更加委婉客气。9) Can I go with you ?我能跟你一起走吗？10) Could I ask you something ?我可以问你一件事吗？6. 与不定式完成体连用，can+不定式完成体，表示对过去可能发生的事态的推测; Could+不定式完成体,表示对过去的推测，但发生的可能性较小，也可以表示过去能做而没有做的事，有时用来提出婉转的批评和表示懊悔，意思是“本该”“本可以”。11) I could have left it in a shop. 我可能将它丢在了商店里。12) She cant have been there. 她不会去那儿的。13) She could get into university if she didnt leave school. 如果不辍学的话，她能进大学。7.3.3 be able to的用法1. 可以跟一动词，意思和can差不多，有时两者可以换用。1) Im not able to (cant) answer your question. 我回答不了你的问题。2) Were you able to (Could you) play the piano? 你会弹钢琴吗？IPS用法小贴士T1. can只用于现在式和过去式(could)，而beableto可以用于各种时态，有时不能用can来代替。 1) Theywillbeabletotellyouthenewssoon.他很快就能告诉你消息了。2) The child hasnt been able to speak. 那孩子还不会讲话。 2. 可以和某些情态动词或系动词连用。3) I ought to be able to get his phone number. 我应当可以弄到他的号码。7.3.4 may 和might的用法(might可作为may的过去式)1. 表示许可(请求、给予或拒绝许可)。1) You may take the book home. 你可以把书带回家去.2) May I use your dictionary? 我可以用你的词典吗?3) He told me he might be here on time. 他说他能按时间来。 2. 表示可能性。might表示推测时，不表示时态，只是可能性比may小。例如：4) It may snow later this afternoon. (表示预测)今天下午可能会下雪。 5) You might be right. (表示有可能)你可能是对的。3. 表示祝愿（不用might）6) May you be happy every day!希望快乐每一天！7) May all your dreams come true! 但愿你梦想成真！4. 与不定式完成体连用，may/might +不定式完成体，表示对过去事态的推测或表示过去本来可以完成而未能完成的动作。8) Sam might have taken the money, but it seems unlikely. 钱可能会是Sam拿走的，但又不太像。IPS用法小贴士T用may表示“可能”一般不用于疑问句，在疑问句中通常用can代替。例如：1. Can it be true? 这可能是真的吗？2. What can she be thinking of? 他会想些什么呢？ 7.3.5 must的用法1. 表示必须，否定式must not (mustnt) 表示“禁止”。1) You must recycle your rubbish. 你必须对垃圾进行回收。2) I really must do something about it. 我真应该对此采取一些措施了。3) In many secondary schools children must wear uniforms. 很多中学都要求学生必须穿校服。2. 表示推测 (一般用于肯定陈述句中)。4) The light is still on, so he must be at home. 灯还亮着，他一定在家。5) After such a long walk, you must be tired. 走了这么长的路，你一定累了。3. 表示必然6) You must catch a cold if you dont put on more clothes.如果你不多穿些衣服，必然会感冒。4. 与不定式完成体连用，must+不定式完成体,表示现在对过去事态的推断，具有较大的可能性，一般译为“一定，想必”。对过去表示否定的推测时，其否定形式通常不是must not，而是can not。7) He must have left in the caf. 他一定是将它丢在了咖啡馆里。8) He must have told my parents about it. 他一定把这件事情告诉我父母亲了。IPS用法小贴士T在回答包含must的问句时,若是肯定回答可用must；若为否定回答,要用neednt或dont have to, 表示“不必”的意思。例如：1) Must I take the foundation courses? 我必须学预科（基础）课程吗？Yes, you must. 是的，你必须学。 No, you neednt. 不， 没必要。7.3.6 have to 的用法1. 表示客观上的必要性，常译为“必须”“不得不”，否定形式表示“不必”1) He has to finish his homework before he watches TV. 在看电视节目之前，他得先完成作业。2) They have to wear uniforms for the first five years. But in the last two years, they dont have to wear uniforms. 上学的头5年，他们必须穿校服，但到了最后2年，他们就不必穿校服了。2. 可用于多种时态3) I had to walk very fast to overtake you. 我得走很快才能赶上你。4) These last two days I have had to take a rest. 最近这两天我不得不休息了一下。5) Well have to help him as much as we can. 我们将不得不尽力帮他。6) If it hadnt been for your help, I would have had to leave. 要不是你帮忙，我就得离开这里了。7) First Id have to get my fathers consent. 首先我必须取得我爸的同意。3. 用于被动语态8) All the books have to be catalogued. 所有的书都得分类。9) The road and the bridge will have to be rebuilt. 路得重修，桥得重造。IPS用法小贴士Tmust 和 have to 的区别: 1. must用来指一般现在时和一般将来时，have to 可用于各种时态。1) You must be here on time next time. 你下次一定要按时来。2) He had to leave early yesterday. 昨天他不得不早些离开。2. must 表示主观意志, have to 强调客观需要。3) I must buy presents for my English friends. They have been so kind to me. 我必须给我的英国朋友买些礼物，他们一直都对我那么好。4) I have to move out of my flat on Friday. My landlord wants the keys back. 我得在星期五搬出，我房东要收回钥匙。3. have to 的否定形式表示“不必”，而must not/mustnt表示“不准”“禁止”。5) You mustnt smoke here because they sell petrol. 你不能在这里抽烟，因为他们在卖汽油。6) You dont have to pay for that. Its free. 你不必付钱，这是免费的。7.3.7 need的用法 作情态动词用1. 表示“需要”或“必须”。1) Need I attend the meeting tomorrow?我需要明天参加会议吗?2) You need not hand in the paper this week. 这一周你不必交论文。2. 和有否定意思的副词连用, 如never, hardly, scarcely 等, 表示“不用说”，“不用告诉”或“不用提醒”等。3) I hardly/scarcely need say how much we missed you. 不必说我们多么想念你。3. 与不定式完成体连用，need+不定式完成体，表示过去做了没必要做的事情。4) They neednt have broken the machine. 他们没有必要拆开机器。5) You neednt have taken it seriously. 这件事情你不必太认真。 作实义动词用1. 这时need就像其他动词一样, 有第三人称, 单复数, 后面加带to的动词等特性。1) Do you need a dictionary? 你需要词典吗?2) She needs a necklace. 她需要一条项链。2. need+动词的现在分词也可以表示被动，need doing = need to be done。3) The roof needs repairing. 屋顶需要修补了。4) My hair needs cutting. 我该理发了。3. 复合宾语5) I need my coat mended. 我的上衣需要补一补。6) He needed his eyes tested. 他需要请人验光。7) I need you over to help me with children. 我需要你过来帮我照料孩子。7.3.8 used to的用法1. 表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在。在否定陈述句中，一般用didnt use to，也可用used not to；在疑问句中用“Diduse to”。 1) My friends used to like him. 我的朋友们曾都喜欢他。2) What did she use to do during the holidays? 过去她在假日里干什么？3) My mother didnt use to work during the week. 我妈过去不上班。2. 表示反复发生在过去的动作或过去持续的状态，但不能用来表示一直持续到现在的动作或状态。试比较：4) We used to go camping every summer. 我们过去每年夏天都去露营。（暗含的意思是我们现在不这样做了）5) We have gone camping for years. 我们露营多年了。（暗含的意思是我们现在还这样做） used to与be used to不同，后者表示be accustomed to “习惯于某种状态”，而且跟接名词或动词ING形式，而used to后接动词原形。7.3.9 had better的用法1. had better表示“最好”，后接动词原形，其否定式为had better not动词原形。1) Itisprettycold.Youdbetterputonmycoat. 天很冷，你最好穿上我的大衣。2) You had better not follow his behavior. 你最好不要学他。3) Shedbetternotplaywiththedog. 她最好不要逗狗玩。2. 与不定式完成体连用，hadbetterhavedonesth.表示与事实相反的结果，意为“本来最好”。 4) Youhadbetterhavecomeearlier. 你本来最好是早点来。3. 与不定式进行式连用，表示最好立即做某事。5) I think youd better be going. 我想你最好马上走。7.3.10 should的用法1. 表示应该。 1) You should see a doctor now. 你现在就应该去看病。2) You should mind your own business.（你该只）管好你自己的事。（意为别管闲事）3) I should answer his letter as soon as possible. 我应该尽快给他回信。2. 委婉陈述自己的意见。4) I should think you are right. 我想你是对的。5) That should be Sam and his mother. 那准是Sam 和他的母亲。3. 表示惊异、赞叹、不满等情绪。6) Why should you think so? 你怎么会这么想？7) Its wonderful that you should have achieved so much in these years.这几年你们有了这样大的成就，真了不起。4. 表示推测。8) The book you need should be in our library. 我们图书馆应该会有你需要的那本书。9) They should be home by now. 现在他们应该到家了。5. 与不定式完成体连用，should+不定式完成体，表示应该做的事而没有做。10) She should have put it in my bag. 她本应该将它放在包里的。7.3.11 ought to的用法1. 表示应该（与should同义，只是口气稍重些）。否定式在ought后加not。1) Teachers ought to be honored. 教师应该受到尊敬。2) You ought not to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。3) You ought to lock the door at night. 夜间你应该锁门。2. 表示可能性4) Since she is not here, she ought to be in the classroom. 她应该在教室，因为她不在这儿。5) Its cloudy now; it ought to rain soon. 现在有云，一会儿应该下雨了。3. ought + to have done 指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。而ought not to have done表示一件不该做的事情却做了。6) You ought to have been here yesterday. 你昨天就应该来。7) You ought not to have taken the book out of the reading-room. 你不应该把书带出阅览室。IPS用法小贴士Tshould 与ought to的区别: should可表示陈述意见，推出建议或请求；而ought to可以表示劝告之意。如：1) You ought to respect your parents.你应该尊重你的父母亲。2) He suggested that they should leave at once.他建议他们立刻离开。 RACTICE即学即练P1. Jean have kept his promise. I wonder why he changed his idea.A. mustB. shouldC. needD. would2. Jane have come to the party, but she not find the exact time.A. could; couldB. might; couldC. should; couldD. should; would3. So many mistakes in your homework! You more careful.A. may be B. had to C. would beD. should have been4. Her brother be at home now, because he was seen playing basketball in the stadium just now.A. mustnt B. neednt C. cant D. shouldnt 5. -I cant understand why our boss is late. -He the early bus.A. could miss B. may have missedC. can have missedD. might miss6. She didnt answer the phone; she _ asleep.A. may beB. must beC. should have beenD. must have been7. The little girls eyes were red. She _.A. may cryB. must cryC. must be criedD. must have been crying8. He_ his supper now, for the dining hall is still closed.A. cant be having B. neednt be having C. mustnt be having D. shouldnt be having9. I parked my bike behind the building, but now it is gone. It _ . A. may be stolen B. must be stolen C. must have been stolen D. must have stolen10. _ Mr. Black _go to work by ferry before the bridge was built?A. Did; used to B. Use; toC. Did; use to D. Does; use to综合练习1. Mary _be in Paris，for I saw her in the town only a few minutes ago A. mustntB. cant C. shouldnt D. may not2. -Shall I tell John about it?-No, you _. Ive told him already. A. needntB. wouldntC. mustntD. shouldnt3. Put on more clothes. You _be feeling cold with only a shirt on.A. can B. could C. would D. must 4. Mr. Bush is on time for everythingHow _it be that he was late for the opening ceremony？A. can B. should C. may D. must5. Where is my pen？I _itA. might lose B. would have lost C. should have lost D. must have lost6. My sister met him at Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon，so he _ your lecture.A. couldnt have attended B. neednt have attendedC. mustnt have attended D. shouldnt have attended7. Jack _yet， otherwise he would have telephoned meA. mustnt have arrived B. should have arrivedC. cant have arrived D. need not have arrived8. I should have been there，but I _not find the time.A. would B. could C. might D. should 9. There was plenty of timeShe_A. mustnt have hurried B. couldnt have hurried C. must not hurry D. neednt have hurried10. He hesitated fo