International+business.docx

International business选择 10*2分1. Globalization has several facets, including the globalization of markets and the globalization of production全球化有几个方面,包括市场的全球化和生产全球化2. The role of technological change：Microprocessors and TelecommunicationsThe internet and world wide webTransportation technology技术变革的作用:微处理器和通信、互联网和万维网、交通技术3. Legal systemCommon Law based on tradition, precedent, and customCivil Law (code law) based on a very detailed set of laws organized into codesTheocratic Law based on religious teachings法律体系普通法基于传统,先例,和自定义民法(法典法律)根据一组非常详细的法律组织成法典神权法基于宗教教义4. Norms are the social rules that govern peoples actions toward one another.Norms can be subdivided further into two major categories: folkways and moresFolkways are routine conventions of everyday life.规范社会规则来控制人们的行为向另一个。进一步规范可以再细分为两个主要类别:民俗和风俗风俗习惯是日常生活的常规惯例。5. Economic implications of Christianity：the protestant work ethicmain branches of Christianity：catholic,orthodox,and protestantthe latter has the most important economic implications基督教的经济影响:基督教的新教工作伦理主要分支:天主教、东正教,新教后者最重要的经济含义6. Economic implications of Confucianism p79经济影响的儒家思想7 Straw men：The Friedman doctrine: Cultural relativismThe righteous moralist: The naive immoralist稻草男人：弗里德曼的教义：文化相对主义正义道德家天真的不道德的人8 . For Porter , the essential task was to explain why a nation achieves international success in a particular industry. Why do Germany and the United States do so well in the chemical industry? P139Porter theorizes that four broad attributes of a nation shape the environment in which local firms compete , and these attributes promote or impede the creation of competitive advantage (see Figure 6.6) These attributes are:(1)Factor endowments -a nations position in factors of production such as skilled labor or the infrastructure necessary to compete in a given industry.(2)Demand conditions -the nature of home demand for the industrys product or service(3)Relating and supporting industries -the presence or absence of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive.(4)Firm strategy , structure , and rivalry -the conditions governing how companies are created ,organized ,and managed and the nature of domestic rivalry.波特的基本任务是解释为什么一个国家在一个特定的行业达到国际的成功。为什么德国和美国在化工行业很好?波特的理论,一个国家的四大属性塑造当地企业竞争的环境,和这些属性促进或阻碍创造竞争优势(见图6.6)这些属性是:(1)要素禀赋在一个给定的行业竞争中，一个国家的位置在熟练劳动力等生产要素或必要的基础设施。(2)需求条件家里的性质对该行业的产品或服务的需求(3)相关和支持产业供应商的存在与否产业和相关产业国际竞争力。(4)企业战略、结构和竞争管理公司如何创造条件,组织和管理和国内竞争的本质。9. Figure 6.6 P139Determinants of National Competitive Advantage : Porters Diamond图6.6国家竞争优势的决定因素：波特钻石10. The benefit of FDI to host countries： Resource-transfer effectsEmployment effectsBalance-of-payments effectsEffect on competiton and economic growth 外商直接投资对东道国的利益：资源转移影响；就业影响；国际收支平衡的影响；对竞争和经济增长的影响11. The cost of FDI to host countriesAdverse effects on competitionAdverse effects on the balance of paymentsNational sovereignty and autonomy 外商直接投资对东道国的成本影响竞争不利影响国际收支平衡表上的国家主权和自主权12. 2 types of competitive pressure ： P316Pressures for cost reductions Pressures for local responsiveness2种类型的竞争压力：削减成本的压力；当地响应能力的压力13. Pressures for local responsiveness Differences in consumer tastes and preferences Differences in infrastructure and traditional practices Differences in distribution channels Host-Government demands Implications当地响应能力的压力消费者的口味和偏好的差异基础设施和传统做法的差异不同的分销渠道东道国的要求含意14. Disadvantages of exporting P368 lower-cost locations for manufacturing the product abroad high transport coststariff barriers出口的缺点：国外制造业产品的成本更低的位置高运输成本关税壁垒15. Advantages of Joint Ventures：P373Benefits from a local partners knowledgeSharing costs and/or risksPolitics make joint ventures the only feasible entry mode.合资企业的优点:受益于当地合作伙伴的知识共享成本和/或风险政治让合资企业唯一可行的进入模式16. The advantages of make:Lower costs、Facilitate specialized investments、Protect proprietary product technology、Improve scheduling制造的优点:更低的成本、促进专业投资、保护专利产品技术、提高调度17. The advantages of buy:Strategic flexibility、Lower cost、Offsets购买的优势:战略的灵活性、更低的费用、补偿判断 10*1分1. Command economyIn a pure command economy, the government plans the goods and services that a country produces, the quantity in which they are produced, and the prices at which they are sold .计划经济在一个纯粹的计划经济,政府计划一个国家生产的商品和服务,他们生产的数量,它们的出售价格。2. Common Law is based on tradition, precedent, and custom普通法是基于传统,先例,和自定义3. Common law gives a common law system a degree of flexibility that other systems lack.普通法给了普通法一个系统，其他系统缺乏一定程度的灵活性4. A civil law system is based on a very detailed set of laws organized into codes民事法律制度是基于一组非常详细的法律组织成法典5. Norms are the social rules that govern peoples actions toward one another.Norms can be subdivided further into two major categories: folkways and moresFolkways are routine conventions of everyday life.规范社会规则来控制人们的行为向另一个。进一步规范可以再细分为两个主要类别:风俗习惯和风俗风俗习惯是日常生活的常规惯例。6. Christianity is the most widely practiced religion in the world.基督教是世界上实行最广泛的宗教7. Hinduism has approximately 750 million adherents, most of who are on the Indian subcontinent.印度教的信徒约7.5亿,大部分在印度次大陆8. Justice theories focus on the attainment of a just distribution of economic goods and services.正义理论关注的成就只是分配商品和服务的经济。9. In his 1776 landmark book the Wealth of Nations, Adam Simth attacked the mercantilist assumption that trade is a zero-sum game. 在他1776年的里程碑式的著作国富论,亚当Simth袭击了重商主义假设贸易是一种零和游戏。10 P37011 P37212 P372名词解释 5*4分1. Command economyIn a pure command economy, the government plans the goods and services that a country produces, the quantity in which they are produced, and the prices at which they are sold.计划经济：在一个纯粹的计划经济,政府计划一个国家生产的商品和服务,他们生产的数量,它们的出售价格。2. Mixed EconomyIn a mixed economy, certain sectors of the economy are left to private ownership and free market mechanisms while other sectors have significant state ownership and government planning.混合经济：在混合经济中,某些经济部门的私有制和自由市场机制在其他领域有重大的国家所有制和政府计划。3. Culture a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design of living.文化：系统之间共享的价值观和规范的一群人,当结合在一起构成设计的生活。4. ValuesThey are abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable.价值：它们是一组被认为好的、对的、可取的抽象的想法。5. Normsthe social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations规范：在特定情况下，社会规则和指导方针,规定适当的行为6. MoresMores are norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its social life.习俗:道德规范,被视为中央社会功能和社会生活7. Organization culturethe values and norms that are shared among employees of an organization组织文化:员工之间共享的价值观和规范的组织8 Cultural relativismThe belief that ethics are nothing more than the reflection of a culture-all ethics are culturally determined and that accordingly, a firm should adopt the ethics of the culture in which it is operating.文化相对主义:认为,道德只不过是反映了文化的影响无不道德是文化决定的,因此,公司在它运营时应该采取的伦理文化。9 licensing P184Licensing involves granting a foreign entity (the licensee) the right to produce and sell the firms product in return for a royalty fee on every unit sold.许可涉及授予外国实体(被许可方)有权生产和销售公司的产品,以换取使用费每单位售出。10 core competence P309 The term core competence refers to skills within the firm that competitors cannot easily match or imitate.核心竞争力是指公司竞争对手无法轻易匹配或模仿的技能。11 Turnkey Projects P370In a turnkey project , the contractor agrees to handle every detail of the project for a foreign client , including the training of operating personnel. 在承包项目中,承包商同意处理外国客户项目的每个细节,包括操作人员的培训。12 licensing agreement P370 A licensing agreement is an agreement whereby a licensor grants the rights to intangible property to another (the licensee) for a specified period , and in return , the licensor receives a royalty fee from the licensee.许可协议是一种协议,许可方授予对无形财产的权利到另一个(被许可方)在指定的时间内返回,从被许可方收到使用费。13 greenfield strategy P377 A firm can establish a wholly owned subsidiary in a country by building a subsidiary from the group up , the so-called greenfield strategy ,or by acquiring an enterprise in the target market.格林菲尔德的策略公司可以建立全资子公司集团在中国建立子公司,所谓的绿地策略,或通过在目标市场收购一个企业。简答 2*10分1. The globalization debate P23-29Globalization, jobs, and incomeGlobalization, labor policies, and the environmentGlobalization and national sovereigntyGlobalization and the worlds poor全球化的辩论：全球化、就业和收入；全球化、劳工政策和环境；全球化与国家主权；全球化和世界上的穷人2. Culture and the workplace 比较文化的5个方面 P83-85Power distanceIndividualism versus collectivismUncertainty avoidance Masculinity versus femininityConfucian dynamism (Long-term orientation)文化和工作场所 比较文化的5个方面权力差距；个人主义与集体主义；不确定性规避；男性与女性；儒家的活力(长期取向)3. The roots of unethical behavior P102-104Personal ethicsDecision-making processesOrganization cultureUnrealistic performance expectationsLeadershipSocial culture不道德行为的根源：个人道德；决策过程；组织文化；不切实际的绩效期望；领导能力；社会文化4. entry modes： P368ExportingTurnkey ProjectsLicensingFranchisingJoint VenturesWholly owned subsidiaries输入模式：出口；承包工程；许可；特许经营；合资企业；全资子公司5 where to produce P411-418 Country factorsTechnological Costs： Fixed Costs Minimum efficient scaleFlexible manufacturingProduct factorsLocating production facilitiesThe hidden costs of foreign locations在哪里生产国家因素技术成本:固定成本 最小有效规模 柔性制造产品因素定位生产设施外国地理位置的隐性成本论述 2*15分1. Culture and the workplace 给出2个国家，根据文化的这5个方面进行比较，这些不同对国际商务有什么影响？ P83-852. 国际商务过程中其管理者在做决策时，为确保公平应该注意的5件事情？ P1113. Why Foreign Direct Investment? 以下为PPT表述，结合书本P184-187（1）Limitation of exportingWhen transportat