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生 理 学 复 习 资 料 生理学复习资料07级临七三班汪洋一、 名词解释1、内环境（internal environment）The extracellular fluid is the direct living environment of cells in the human body, which is called internal environment. 2、肺活量（Vital capacity）the maximum amount of air a person can expel from lungs after a maximal inspiration . Male:3500ml; female:2500ml 最大吸气后，从肺内所能呼出的最大气量。3、Inspiratory Capacity (IC) the amount of air a person can breathe in, beginning at the normal quiet expiratory level and distending lungs to the maximum amount. 从平静呼气末做最大吸气时所能吸入的气体量叫做深呼吸量。4、激素( hormone )chemical substance. It is secreted into the internal body fluids by one specialized cell or a group of cells and has a physiological control effect on other cells of the body. 内分泌腺或器官组织的内分泌细胞所分泌，以体液为媒介，在细胞之间递送调节信息的高效能生物活性物质。5、射血分数(Ejection fraction)the ratio of SV to the blood volume in left ventricle at the end of diastole. (搏出量占心室舒张末期容积的百分比，称为射血分数。正常成年人安静时射血分数约为55%65%6、Axoplasmic transport（轴浆运输）Various organelles and materials（各细胞器和材料） must be moved from the cell body, where they are made, to the axon and its terminals in order to maintain the structure and function of the cell axon7、电压钳(voltage clamp)Cole and colleagues developed a method for maintaining Vm at any desired voltage level (FBA, Feedback Amplifier).Required monitoring voltage changes, feeding it through an amplifier to drive current into or out of the cell to dynamically maintain the voltage while recording the current required to do so.（能使膜电位Em被钳制或固定于任一水平，从而保证在测量膜电流期间的化学驱动力保持不变的技术，称为电压钳技术）8、sweating（发汗）汗腺主动分泌汗液的过程。通过汗液蒸发可以带走大量体热。又称为可感蒸发（sensible evaporation）9、insensible evaporation （不感蒸发）Heat loss result from continual（不断的，频繁的） diffusion of water molecules through the skin and respiratory surface. 指体液的水分从皮肤和黏膜（主要是呼吸道粘膜）表面不断渗出而被汽化的形式。10、accommodation by the lens(晶状体调节)Increase bulging (refraction) of lens. Via contraction of ciliary muscle, relaxes the suspensory ligaments (parasympathetic fibers)11、FRC functional residual capacity（功能余气量）The amount of air remaining in the lung at the end of a normal tidal expiration. 平静呼气末尚存留于肺内的气体量称为功能余气量12、hematocrit（血细胞比容）percentage of blood volume occupied by the packed red blood cell volume. Normal range: man, 40% - 50%,Women 37% - 48%.（血细胞在血液中所占容积的百分比称为血细胞比容）13、entero gastric reflex（肠胃反射）HCl, breakdown products of fats, hypertonic solution - chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, osmoreceptors et al in duodenum -vagovagal reflex and local reflex-inhibit the secretion and motility of stomach.（十二指肠壁上存在的化学和机械感受器，在感受到酸、脂肪、渗透压和机械扩张刺激时，可反射性地抑制胃的运动，使胃排空减慢，此反射成为肠胃反射）14、水孔蛋白-2（aquaporin , AQP2）是受VP（血管升压素）诱导的水通道。 It is the vasopressin-inducible water channel.15、Resting potential（静息电位）A potential difference across the cell membrane at the rest stage or when the cell is not stimulated.室 动 开 关 房室 增大（period of rapid filling） 等容收缩相 房室 动 关 关 - -(isovolumic (isometric) contraction phase)快速射血相 房动 关 开 室动 缩小(rapid ejection phase) 减慢射血相 房室 动 关 开 室动 缩小(reduced ejection phase) 等容舒张相 房室 室 室 动 开 关 房室 增大(Reduced filling phase) 注：房：代表左心房；室：代表右心室；动：代表主动脉Period of isometric (isovolumetric or isovolumic) contraction Events: ventricular contraction ventricular pressure rise atrioventricular valve close the ventricular pressure increase sharplyPeriod of ejectionEvents: ventricular contraction continuously the ventricular pressure rise above the arterial pressure semilumar valves open blood pours out of the ventriclesPeriod of isometric (isovolumic) relaxationEvents: ventricular muscle relax the ventricular pressure fall lower than the aortic pressure aortic valve close the ventricular pressure fall sharplyPeriod of filling of the ventriclesEvents: Ventricular muscle relax continuously the ventricular pressure is equal or lower than the atrial pressure atrioventricular valve open blood accumulated in the atria rushes into the ventricular chambers quickly from the atrium to the ventricle.1) Period of rapid filling. (0.11s, amount of filling, 2/3)2) Period of reduced filling (0.22s, little blood fills into the ventricle) 9.描述胃的头期、胃期、肠期分泌的特点。根据感受食物刺激的部位，人为地将消化期胃液分泌分成头期、胃期和肠期。1、头期特点：分泌量大，酸度高，蛋白酶含量高。2、胃期特点：酸度高，蛋白酶含量比头期少。3、肠期特点：分泌量少，作用缓慢。Characteristics of the cephalic phase l 1 large quantity：30%，l 2 high digestibility：high level of HCl and pepsinl 3 long-term effect: lasting for 2-4hs;l 4 being affected by emotional activity and appetiteCharacteristics of the gastric phasel 1 large quantity：60%，l 2 high digestibility：l 3 high level of HCl and pepsinCharacteristics of the intestinal phasel 1 small volume：10%，l 2 lower digestibility：l 3 lower level of HCl and pepsin10.Composition and function of gastric secretion胃液的成分和功能1) HCl Converts pepsinogen(胃蛋白酶原) to pepsin for chemical digestion, provides optimal pH environment for pepsin Destroys some bacteria Stimulates the small intestinal mucosa to release secretin and CCK Promotes the absorption of Ca2+ and Fe in small intestine2) Pepsinogen (precursor of pepsin): digestion of proteins3) Mucus: forms a protective barrier for mucosal liningThe insoluble mucus and bicarbonate construct a barrier protecting the stomach mucosa from injury by hydrochloric acid and pepsin, which prevent hydrogen ions from diffusing to the mucosal layer. The barrier is called mucus bicarbonate barrier.4) Intrinsic factor (mucoprotein): combines with vitamin B12 to make it absorbable/hide胃液的成分和作用1盐酸盐酸也称胃酸，由壁细胞分泌。生理作用包括：(1)激活胃蛋白酶原，并为胃蛋白酶提供适宜的酸性环境；(2)杀死进入胃内的细菌，保持胃和小肠相对的无菌状态；(3)进入小肠后，可促进胰液、胆汁和小肠液的分泌；(4)有助于小肠内铁和钙的吸收。(5)可使蛋白变性，有利于蛋白质消化。2胃蛋白酶原胃蛋白酶原由主细胞分泌。被盐酸激活后，使蛋白质变成分解。此酶作用的量适pH值为2，进入小肠后，酶活性丧失。3粘液一方面它可润滑食物，防止粗糙食物对粘膜的机械性损伤； 另一方面，与表面上皮细胞分泌的HCO3一起，构成粘液HCO3屏障，防止盐酸、胃蛋白酶对粘膜的侵蚀。4内因子内因子是由壁细胞分泌的一种糖蛋白，作用是保护维生章B12不被消化酶破坏，促进其在回肠远端的吸收。11.心肌浦肯野纤维动作电位的特点和形成机制Action Potential of Purkinje Cell、Characteristics：Purkinje Cell is fast Autorhythmic Cells(自律细胞) the most important characteristic is that it has spontaneous depolatization(自动去极化) in phase 4.it doesnt have resting potential. Maximum repolarization potential is -90 mV 最大复极电位约为-90 mVplateau is long.40创建时间：2009-6-7 17:39:00作者：汪洋 Phase 0 : Na+ inflow via INaPhase 1:a transient K+ outflow via It0Phase 2 :inward of Na+.Ca2+ via ICa-L Outward of K+ via IKPhase 3:rapid and increased K+ outflow via IK. Ik1Phase 4: Increased Na+ influx (If ) reduced K+ outflow (Ik)12. 兴奋在神经 肌肉接头处是如何传递的？（1） N末梢AP传导，前膜电压门控钙通道开放，钙内流（2分）（2） 囊泡向前膜移动、融合、释放Ach （2分）（3） Ach与接头后膜N2型Ach受体阳离子通道结合 （2分）（4） 终板膜钠内流，后膜去极化，产生终板电位 （2分）（5） 终板电位总合，临近肌细胞去极化，产生终板电位 （2分）13. 心室肌细胞动作电位特性及离子基础主要特征：平台期 （有效不应期时程较长） 0期：快速去极期 钠内流1期：快速复极初期 钾外流14. 动作电位和局部兴奋的区别局部反应 动作电位刺激强度 阈下刺激 等于、大于阈刺激钠通道开放 少 多电位变化 小于阈电位