Grammar_12_并列句.docx

第1章 并列句1.1 并列句概述含有两个或两个以上的独立分句的句子叫并列句。这些独立分句处于平等的、互不依从的并列地位。英语并列句不能只用逗号隔开（较短的句子例外），而且需要用分号或并列连接词连接，连词前可用或不用逗号。另外，一个句子中如果有两个以上的并列分句，而且要用同样的并列连词时，通常只在最后一个句子前用这个连词，其他分句之间用逗号。l Tom went to college but Jack joined the army.l Henry has already left, Sally is going to leave, but I havent made any decision yet.l Any medicine can be dangerous; for example, even aspirin can cause illness.1.2 连接词and连接词and 表示平行、顺接、转折、让步、对照、评注等，l Her brother is an engineer and her sister is a painter.（表示平行）l She did a good job, and so she deserved to be praised.（表示因果）l He tried hard, and he failed to get it done on time.(=and yet) （表示转折）l Alice is clever and Jane is dull. (=but表示对比)l He didnt come to the party, and thats a pity.（表示评注）l One more word and Ill knock you flat.（表示条件和结果）l He closed the window, turned off the light and left the room.（表示顺接）l He cant keep the flowers alive and he has watered them well, too.（=Although he has watered)（表示让步）*NOTE*1.在nice and cosy, good and cool, fine and joyful, rare and beautiful, good and mad, good and tired, good and dark, fine and strong, nice and high, rare and hungry, rare and happy等结构中，and 前的形容词实质上起副词作用，修饰后面的形容词，表示强调。It is good and cool in the evening. (= very cool)She would make you rare and happy. (=very happy)2.at onceand意为“既又”，常同bothand , equallyand, alikeand换用。但不可说bothas well as。He is at once / both / equally a poet and a statesman.他既是诗人又是政治家。3.and可以放在句首，表示语义增进、因果、转折、承接等关系，or和but 也可位于句首起承接作用。And he told her what had happened.于是他告诉她发生了什么事。4.try(go, come)and另一动词结构相当于try(go, come)to do, and相当于不定式符号to,表示目的等。Try and be there on time.尽量准时到那里。Come and have a chat.来聊聊天。You can wait and see.你等着瞧吧。Mind and write to her.这种用法中，try只能用原形，不能以tries, tried或trying 形式出现。5.and 可以用在分词短语和介词短语等前，表示一种附加情况，相当于汉语中的“而且”。They were too tired to walk on, and night coming on too.他们累得走不动了，而且天也晚了。She accepted it at once and with evident pleasure.她立刻接受了它，而且显然很高兴。在下面一句中，and = and at the same time，You can not eat your cake and have it.你不能又吃糕饼，同时又拥有它。1.3 连接词but、yet连接词but和yet表示转折或对照，意为“但是，然而”。Its true that he is young, but he is experienced and responsible.诚然他很年轻，但是他有经验，又认真负责。He is poor, yet he is clever and noble-hearted.他很穷，然而人却很聪明，心地又善良。Fortune often knocks at the door, but the fool does not invite her in.幸运之神常光顾，痴人不知把门开。but和yet尽管都可译为“但是”，但还是有区别的：1) but是并列连词，而yet则可作并列连词或副词，不可说and but，但可说and yet, but不可放在句尾，而yet可放在句尾；2) but表示对照或对立时，一般都比较轻松自然，而yet在表示对照或对立时，则往往比较强烈，时常出人意料；3) but在某些习惯说法中不可用yet替代。This is strange and yet true.(正)这是奇怪的，但是真的。This is strange and but true.(误)She is American but she speaks Chinese very fluently.她是美国人，但她说中文说得非常流利。（自然轻松的比较或对立）She is American, yet she knows little about American history.她是美国人，但她却对美国历史知之甚少。（较强烈的比较或矛盾）A: Lets have another try. 让我们再试一次。B: But how? 但是怎样试呢？（习惯表达法，不用yet）It is true that he is young, but he is diligent and honest.诚然他年轻，但是他勤奋，而且诚实。（同it is true, of course, indeed等连用习惯上用but）*NOTE*1.neverbut意为whenalways.It never rains but it pours.不雨则已，一雨倾盆。2.在not suchbut, sobut句型中，but相当于thatnot.He is not such a fool but he knows it.No task is so hard but (but that ) he can accomplish it.3.在 I do not doubt but (but that）, I do not deny but (but that), It is not impossible but (but that )句型中，but或but that无意义，相当于连词that.4.only亦可用作并列连词，意为，“但是，只是”，常用于口语中，相当于but，前面可用逗号或分号。He has promised to do it, only he does not keep his word.他已答应做那件事了，只是他不守信用。5.still可以用作并列连词，意为“但是，然而”，前面用逗号或分号均可。Autumn is come, still it is rather hot.秋天到了，但是天气仍然很热。She failed; still she did not lose heart.她失败了，但她并没有灰心。6.still, yet, however, nevertheless常可换用，however语气较弱，常作插入语用；yet, still 和nevertheless常表示强烈的对比或相反的结论。I can not, however, approve of your design.7.and yet和but yet是yet的变体，与but同义。转折的表示法还有：indeedbut；It is truebut; to be surebut; while, whereas (=but on the contrary) ; on the contrary; on the other hand等。Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it.1.4 连接词for连接词for 表示原因或理由，意为“因为”。They cancelled their trip to Yangzhou last Sunday for it rained the whole day.It must have rained, for the ground is wet.1.5 连接词so连接词so 表示结果，意为“所以”。It is foggy today, so we cant see distant hills.1.6 连接词while、whereas连接词while, whereas表示对比，意为“而”。He likes sports, while Id rather collect stamps.Wise men seek after truth while / whereas fools despise knowledge.智者求真理，愚人贬知识。1.7 连接词or连接词or表示选择、大约或不确定等。Wear your coat or youll catch cold。Do it yourself or ask somebody else to do it.Shes a student or something.He left the key in the pencil-box or somewhere.1.8 连接词as well asas well as 作并列连词相当于not onlybut also和no lessthan，但not onlybut also侧重在后项，as well as 和no lessthan 侧重在前项。We must learn to look at problems all-sidedly, seeing the reverse as well as the obverse side or things.A true man should be practical as well as far-sighted.在否定句中，as well as 的位置不同，句意往往有很大差别。比较下面的句子：He, as well as she, will not come.他将不来，她也将不来。He will not come as well as she.她将来，但他将不来。（否定前者，肯定后者）Henry, as well as his brother, doesnt work hard.亨利同他弟弟一样，工作不努力。Henry doesnt work hard as well as him brother.亨利工作不努力，但他弟弟努力。as well as 连接的应是平等成分，都作主语或都作宾语等。She was there as well as me. (误)She was there as well as I .(正)1.9 连接词rather thanrather than 也可起并列连词的作用，连接两个完全对等的语法结构：A.连接形容词。He is modest rather than shy.B.连接名词。Jane prefers maths rather than physics.C.连接谓语动词。The old man hobbled rather than walked.D.连接不定式。Helen decide to quit the job rather than to accept the term. （带to,因其前面的对等结构有to）E.连接名词分句。It was what he meant rather than what he said.F.连接介词短语。She depended on flashes of insight rather than on any carefully organized analysis.G.连接副词。Id prefer to dinner out rather than at home.H.连接代词。It ought to be you rather than him that signs the letter.I.连接分词。He insisted on havin