仓储管理程序专业英语(5～12).doc

五、 Third Part Logistics 第三方物流 Third Part Logistics provides all the logistics services. They act as a bridge or facilitator between the first part (supplier or producer) and the second part (buyer or customer). The primary objectives of third part logistics providers are to lower the total cost of logistics for the supplier and improve the service level to the customer. 第三方物流提供所有的物流管理服务。 它是供方(供应者或生产者) 和买方 (买主或客户) 之间的桥梁。第三方物流的主要目的就是降低总的物流管理费用及改善服务水平。 Third Part logistics have been growing rapidly. Cost reduction and demands for better and cheaper services are the main drives behind the growth. A third part logistics provider will be in a position to consolidate business from several companies and frequent pick ups and deliveries, whereas in house transportation cannot. Other reasons are as follows: 第三方物流的快速增加。 是降低物流成本提高物流服务的主要原因。 一个第三方物流供应商将连接公司与公司间的“接送”服务, 于此同时一个企业内部的运输却是无法做到的。其理由如下: 1. The company does not specialize in logistics i. 企业不专注于物流管理2. The company does not have sufficient resourcesi. 企业没有足够的资源3. Eager to implement better logistics operation or does not have time to develop the required capabilities in housei. 急需实现高水平的物流运作但没有足够的时间在企业内部开发所需能力4. The company is venturing into a new business with totally different logistics requirements;i. 企业正在尝试进入完全不同的物流管理需求的新交易之中5. Merger or acquisition may make outsourcing logistics operations more attractive than to integrate logistics operations.i. 物流外包比起整合物流更吸引人的是可以最大限度的合并或获得外部资源。六、 Global logistics 全球物流 Developed countries often deal with globalization in two ways: to be more cost competitive with third world countries, and to look for new partners in other countries to manufacture components, subassemblies and even the final products. The second approach forces most developed countries to get into a new area called “global logistics”. 发达国家以两种方式来实现物流全球化 1: 比起在第三世界国家的成本方面更具有竞争力。2 : 在其他国家寻找新的合作伙伴来完成组件和最终产品，.第二种方式使大多数发达国家进入一个新的区域称为“全球物流”。 Benefits of global operations include cheap raw materials and end products, lower labor cost, better quality, increased internal competition and better customer service. Some of the disadvantages are unreliable delivery, poor communication and longer times from design to finish production. Challenges are often cultural and linguistic differences, legal requirements, logistics support, finding qualified global suppliers or manufacturers, exchange rates.全球物流操作的利益包括原料和最终产品，比较低的劳务成本，较好的质量，从而增加其内在竞争力和较好的客户服务。 一些缺点包括不可靠的交货，不便的沟通及从产品的设计到成品将需要更长的时间。(其它一些) 挑战包括文化和语言上的差异，(不同国家)法律法规，物流(企业的)支持寻找合格的全球供应商或生产商,汇率波动等. There are three major flows involved in global logistics: material flow, document flow and cash flow. 全球的物流主要有三种流动形式: 物流,文件,流和现金流。七、The Development of Logistical Integration 物流一体化的发展过程 Integration has been one of the dominant themes in the development of logistics management. This development began around 40 years ago at a local level. Today, many businesses are making efforts to integrate global supply networks, comprise several tiers of supplier and distributor, and use different transport modes and carriers. 物流一体化已经是物流管理方面的主题之一。 这一发展大约在40年以前就逐步开始形成。 今天，许多公司开始努力的做一体化,包括很多层的供应商和分销商, 而且使用不同的运输模式和承运人。 The process of logistical integration can be divided into four stages: 物流一体化发展过程可以分为四个阶段： Stage 1. Began in the early 1960s in the USA and involved the integration of all activities associated with distribution. separate distribution departments were to coordinate the management of all processes within physical distribution management (PDM). 第一阶段。1960年早期在美国开始并涉及与分销和配送有关的所有活动的结合。物资的配送管理（PMD）是独立的对企业物资配送的过程进行协调管理。 Stage 2. PDM was applied to the inbound movement of materials, components, and subassemblies, generally known as “materials management”. By the late 1970s, many firms had established “logistics departments” with overall responsibility for the movement, storage, and handling of products upstream and downstream of the production operation. 第二阶段。PDM 被运用于装配配件，组件，及零配件的退货方面，通常称为“材料管理”。在1970年后期以前，多数公司建立起“物流部门”来对物流的上游和下游的操作进行处理。 Stage 3. Logistics plays an important coordinating role, as it interfaces with most other functions. With the emergence of business process re engineering (BPR) in the early 1990s the relationship between logistics and related functions was redefined. “systems integration” occurred. Cross functional integration should achieve greater results. 第三阶段。当物流管理和大部分其他的功能接口并列时，物流管理就扮演着一个重要的角色。业务流程重组（BPR）工程学 出现在1990年早期，是关于对物流管理和相关功能之间的关系被重新定义。功能间的交叉整合达到较好的成果， 物流一体化逐渐形成。 Stage 4. Establish Supply Chain Management (SCM) to achieve supply chain optimization and minimize inventory. 第四阶段. 建立供应链管理 (SCM) 以达成供应链的最优化从而降低库存。 It is difficult to define the exact integration as it developed at different rates across industrial sectors, countries, and companies. There are still many small and medium sized businesses that have not yet adopted fully the principles of PDM and whose logistics management is still highly decentralized. 物流一体化难以实现在工业企业部门，国家和公司将根据自身的不同情况发展其适合的一体化管理。 仍然有许多小的中间企业没有按规定采用 PDM 原则, 物流管理管理仍然被高度分散。 It is the fact that the application of new technology has been the principal force in moving firms from stage 1 to stage 2 (functional integration). The transition to stage 3 (internal integration) involves primarily a change in organizational structure, while to attain stage 4 (external integration) management must undergo a fundamental change. 物流一体化从第一阶段的开始到第二阶段（功能的整合）发展的方向可以表明这一技术的发展力量。第三阶段（内在的整合）主要表现在组织的结构方面的转变，当管理的水平达到一定基础的时候第四阶段（外部的整合）也就由然而生了。 八、 2. Transportation system 运输系统 There are five transportation modes - motor, rail, air, water, and pipeline. In addition, certain modal combinations are available, including rail - motor, motor water, motor air, and rail water, Such inter modal combinations offer specialized or lower cost services not generally available than a single transport mode. Other transporters include freight forwarders, shipper cooperatives, parcel post, United Parcel Service (UPS), and other parcel services.有五种运输方式公路运输，铁路运输,空运，水运和管道运输。除此之外，还有各运输方式之间的联合运输形式, 包括铁路运输 公路运输,公路运输水运,公路运输空运，铁路运输水运, 这样的联合运输形式提供了低成本的服务。联合速递公司（UPS）和其他的仓储服务提供商因包括承运人、货主、仓储者。 3. Factors Influencing Transportation Costs 影响运输成本的因素 As transportation cost can be significant, the firm must identify and control the factors that affect these costs. In general, factors influencing transportation costs can be grouped into two major categories product related factors and market related factors.运输成本同样也是很重要的,企业一定要判别并且控制影响这种费用的因素。大体上影响运输费用的因素有两种：与产品相关的因素和与市场相关的因素。 Factors to influence the cost of transportation can be grouped into the categories: 1) transport distances; 2) transport linkages; 3) transport equipment, and 4)transport time. 影响运输成本的因素有: 1) 运输距离; 2) 联运方式; 3) 运输工具, 和 4)运输时间。 Important market related factors also affect transportation costs. The most significant ones include: 1) competition from different carriers; 2) location of markets; 3) government regulation of transportation carriers; 4) freight traffic in a region; 5) seasonality of product movements; and 6) whether the product is being transported domestically or internationally. Each of these factors will affect the overall transportation costs. 影响运输成本最重要的一些市场因素包括: 1) 承运人的竞争因素; 2) 市场位置因素; 3) 政策法规因素; 4) 区域运输因素; 5) 产品运输的季节性; 6) 国内外的运输因素。这些因素将会直接影响到全部的运输费用。九、 The Economic and Service Characteristics of Motor Transportation 公路运输的经济性 Motor carriers transport over 75 percent of the tonnage of agricultural products, many manufactured products and consumer goods. Usually, motor carriers compete with air for small shipments and rail for large shipments. An efficient motor carrier can compete with an air carrier on door to door service for any size shipment if the distance involved is 1000 miles or less. This is because motor carriers realize greater efficiencies in terminal, pickup and delivery operations. 公路运输占农产品和生活消耗品总运输的75。通常，公路运输的竞争大于空运和铁路运输。若运输距离在1000里或小于此范围内，公路运输就能补充空的不足做到门到门的运输服务。这是因为公路运输是末端运输，能在市区及郊区的小范围进行运输活动，从而获得更好的运输效率。 Motor carriers are more flexible than other modes. Motor carriers can use a wide range network of roads, and can transport products of varying sizes and weights over any distance. Truly, motor carriers can transport any product. Their flexibility has enabled them to become the dominant form of transport in the United States and in many other parts of the world. 公路运输比其他的运输更具有灵活性。公路运输能使用道路交通网络, 而且能改变在运输距离上的任何大小和轻重的物品。 真实, 公路运输能运输任何的物品。它们的灵活性使它们在美国和其他许多国家中变得最具优势的运输形式。 In general, motor carriage offers the customer fast, reliable service with little damage or loss in transit. Motor carriers give much faster service than railroads and compare favorably with carriers on short hauls. Many motor carriers, particularly those involved in “just in time” programs, operate on a scheduled timetable. This results in very short and reliable transit times. Loss and damage ratios for motor carriers are substantially lower than for rail and are slightly higher than for air freight. No other mode can provide the market coverage offered by motor carriers. 大体上, 公路运输能提供给客户可靠的服务和较小的损坏。 公路运输以快速的服务胜于铁路运输。许多公路运输, 特别是那些涉及到 准时化 服务的运输,都是在一张预定的时间表上进行操作。 从而就可以保证运输时间。 铁路运输的运输时间高于公路运输也高于空运。没有其他的形式比公路运输更具有市场占有率。 The amount of freight transported by motor carriers has steadily increased over the years. That trend is likely to continue in the years ahead. As long as it is able to provide fast, efficient service at rates between those offered by rail and air, the motor carriage industry will continue to prosper. 公路运输在数年以来都以稳定的数量增长。 可能在未来数年中仍有继续增长的趋势。 只要它能比铁路运输和空运提供快速的，有效的服务，公路运输行业将会继续兴隆。十、 Rail transport generally costs less than air and motor carriage. For many shipments, rail does not compare favorably with other modes on loss and damage ratios. It has disadvantages compared to motor carriers in terms of transit time and frequency of service. Trains travel on timetable schedules, but departures are less frequent than those of a motor carrier. If a shipper has strict arrival and departure requirements, railroads are at a competitive disadvantage compared to motor carriers. Some of this disadvantage may be overcome through combined transport, which offers the economy of rail movement linked with the flexibility of trucking. Truck trailers are delivered to the rail terminals, where they are loaded on flatbed railcars. At the destination terminal they off loaded and delivered to the consignee the customer who receives the shipment. 铁路运输的成本要低于空运和公路运输。 对于许多运输模式来讲，铁路运输的换车时间和转运时间不能和其他运输模式比。 它在时间上和公路运输相比有一定的缺点。 它需按照火车时刻表来进行货物运送，它的发车率没有公路运输那么频繁。如果很需要马上将货物送出, 那么铁路运输与公路运输相比就不具备竞争性。一些缺点可以通过联合运输来弥补,与运输灵活性教强的运输模式组成联合运输更具有经济性。 首先用卡车将货物运送到铁路货运站。到目的地后在从铁路货运站将货物交给受托者转运收货人。 An additional area in which railroads suffer in comparison to motor carriers is equipment availability. Railroad lines use each others cars, and at times this equipment may not be located where it is most needed. Railcars may be unavailable because they are being loaded, unloaded, moved within railroad sorting yards, or undergoing repair. Other cars may be standing idle or lost within the vast rail network. A number of developments in the rail industry have helped to overcome some of these utilization problems. Advances have included: computer routing and scheduling; the upgrading of equipment, roadbeds, and terminals; improvements in railcar identification systems; and the use of unit trains, cars owned or leased by the shipper; and dedicated through train service between major metropolitan areas (nonstop shipments of one or a few shippers products). Railroads own approximately 80 percent of their car fleet. The remaining 20 percent are either leased or owned by shippers. 铁路运输和公路运输在设备的利用率上是没有办法进行比较的。铁路线与公路相比，它不能遍及大部分的地方。因为铁路运输的装卸都在铁路站内, 中间站内进行，这是公路运输可能做不到的。 其汽车运输可能立足于巨大的铁路运输网里面。 铁路运输经过若干的发展已经克服了一些问题。 其进步已经包括: 计算机安排工作路线及行程; 车站，路线和车的识别系统的升级; It is uncertain whether the railroads can reduce the traffic lost to trucks, pipelines, and water carriers. Certainly, improvements in equipment and facilities, upgrading of roadbeds, and better monitoring and control of rail fleets are necessary. The relative energy efficiency advantage railroads have over motor carriers, along with the deregulation of the rail industry, offers a promise of better things to come and perhaps a new life of the rail industry.铁路运输不确定能否弥补对公路运输、管道运输、水运的不足之处。的确，车站、路线、车的识别系统的升级对于铁路运输的控制是必需的。与公路运输在效率优势上，铁路运输能做到一体化的管理，并能提供一个较好的诚信诺言，其影响也许是铁路运输新的生命力。十一、 Water carriage is perhaps the most inexpensive method of shipping high bulk, low value commodities. But because of the inherent limitations of water carriers, it is unlikely that water transport will gain a larger role in domestic and international commerce, although international developments have made marine shipping increasingly important. The development of very large crude carriers, or supertankers, has enabled marine shipping to assume a vital role in the transport of petroleum between oil producing and oil consuming countries. Because of the importance of energy resources to industrialized nations, water carriage will continue to play a significant role in the transport for most packaged products. 对于大多数的散货和低价货物，水上运输是最廉价的方法。然而水运是有限制的，虽然国际经济的发展使水运逐渐显得重要，但它仍不太可能得到国际商业的一个较大的角色。强大的国家舰队给予水运承运商非常大的发展，使超大油轮的运输扮演着一个重要的角色。因为工业化国家对能源需求的重要性，使得水上运输将会继续在大部分的运输中扮演重要的角色。 Many domestic and most international shipments involve the use of containers. The shipper in one country places cargo into an owned or leased container at its facility or at point of origin. Then the container is transported via rail or motor carriage to a water port for loading onto a container ship. After arrival at the destination port it is unloaded and tendered to a rail or motor carrier in that country and subsequently delivered to the customer or consignee. The shipment leaves the shipper and arrives at the customers location with minimal handling of the items within the container. The use of containers in many way reduces staffing needs, minimizes in transit damage and theft, shortens time in transit because of reduced port turnaround time, and allow the shipper to take advantage of volume shipping rates. 许多国内或大多数的国家运输都需要使用集装箱。托运者将所托货物放入自己或租的集装箱内，然后通过火车或汽车运输到集装码头。在到达目的港后再将集装箱由火车和汽车运交给受托者。托运者在装箱时需在集装箱上面留下受托者的详细地址。因集装箱的使用可以减少人员的需求量，而在途径过程中可以减少损害和避免盗窃，因为在途径港口的中转时间短，且允许托运者按所占体积大小付运费，从而降低运费。十二、 The Economic and Service Characteristics of Pipeline Transportation 管道运输的经济性 Pipelines account for over one quarter of all domestic inter city freight traffic measured in ton miles. Pipelines are able to transport only a limited number of products, including natural gas, crude oil, and water recently. Natural gas and cru