托福阅读长难句分类.doc

当然，整篇文章并不能简单地划分成N个句子，这样太割裂了。建议大家在微观分析文章句子的同时，也要有宏观视角，即把握文章的整体结构。根据官方指南的说法，托福阅读主要有四种行文结构。A，分类（classification） 如TPO17-2B，比较/对比（comparison/contrast） 如TPO16-3C，原因/影响（cause/effect） 如TPO24-2D，问题/解决方案（problem/solution） 如TPO21-3理解文章结构可能在做题方面没有直接作用，不过可以帮助我们迅速回顾整篇文章。需要recap的时候，或者说做最后一题的时候，我们不用再盲目地回头看很多。能够迅速反应出来某个点出现在文章的哪个位置。同时，这也是一个非常好的阅读习惯，以后出国阅读更长篇幅的文章可以利用这个优势，做到观其大略，快速领会主要意思提高学习效率。理解句子的关键，说到底就是单词和语法。并不要求我们能掌握文章里面全部的单词，但是请确保自己不认识的单词主要是那些学科的专有名词。对于这些词，我们只要做到在后面出题出现这个词的时候，能迅速反应出来它出现在什么地方。尤其是副词形容词和动词这样句子的核心成分，要大量积累。值得一提的是，副词形容词和动词是单词题的常客。语法，说起来会比较笼统一点，因为本身这是一个非常广泛的概念。幸运的是，对于阅读这个单项，我们可以扔掉语法里面的绝大部分，单挑句法就够了。进一步，句法里面我们只要学会分清主次。再进一步，我们只要牢抓主句，补充内容靠边备用即可。1、较多插入语类这类句子不难，我们阅读时候只要找到核心动词就万事大吉了。比如下面的例子：TPO19-3With climax, biome, superorganism, and various other technical terms for the association of animals and plants at a given locality being criticized, the term ecosystem was more and more widely adopted for the whole system of associated organisms together with the physical factors of their environment.显然with结构我们可以先不管，下一个分句出现了核心动词“was adopted”，于是整个长句的内容我们心里有底了。要牢记其他的修饰语是对应主句成分的，一开始的with结构对应和ecosystem的对比，结尾的together with结构描述的正是ecosystem的内容。于是分析如下：Topicdefinition of ecosystemDetails:more widely adopted than other terms.System of organisms and physical factors.2、标点符号类在一般的主从句之间加入标点符号，往往可以插入更多的内容，从而呈现在我们面前一句超长的句子（词数35+甚至40+）。另外，对英文标点不熟悉的同学可能会被这类句子弄晕。不过其实，这种句子看懂之后其实比上面还要简单。托福阅读出现较多的标点符号有破折号、冒号和分号，下面各举一例说说。 破折号英文中破折号的用法大概有10种，详细的在这里enjoyjubilee，如果您要查看本帖隐藏内容请回复然而用在托福文章中，主要是插入同位语的功能，如下例：TPO22-2The new candid photographyunposed pictures that were made when the subjects were unaware that their pictures were being takenconfirmed these scientific results, and at the same time, thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images that the camera often imposed, suggested new compositional formats.这种情况破折号中的，内容可以视为破折号前名词的一个补充说明，理解句子结构时候完全可以把这部分扔掉，于是分析如下：TopicCandid photography confirmed scientific results.DetailsMethod of candid photography(contents between dash lines)New compositional formats thanks to the radical cropping of images(meanwhile) 冒号类英文中冒号的用法有一点值得注意，冒号前必须是具有完整结构的句子。具体用法在这里enjoyjubilee，如果您要查看本帖隐藏内容请回复冒号之后的内容主要是解释说明冒号前的内容，如下例：TPO24-3Scholars believe that this cooperation allowed people to contend with a patchy environment in which precipitation and other resources varied across the landscape: if you produce a lot of food one year, you might trade it for pottery made by a distant ally who is having difficulty with cropsand the next year, the flow of goods might go in the opposite direction.冒号后提出了一种可能的情况，用以佐证冒号前合作产生竞争的论断，于是分析如下：TopicScholar believe cooperation allowed people to contend with the environment.DetailsEnvironment: precipitation and other resources varies across the landscape.Illustrate how people act in this kind of cooperation by one example, say exchange spare crops with pottery. 分号类分号的作用很简单，常用于分离没有连接词连接的句子。通常用在非常严肃正式的文体中，托福写作中不太推荐使用。在实际阅读中，我们只要把分号后面的内容看成另外一句句子即可，如下例：TPO22-3Since practically all the solar systems mass resides in the Sun, this similarity in chemistry means that chondrites have average solar system composition, except for the most volatile elements; they are truly lumps of nebular matter, probably similar in composition to the matter from which planets were assembled.其他常见的标点符号还有括号等，限于篇幅这边就不介绍了，这有英文中常见的标点符号用法总结，不是很长。觉得有必要的同学可以翻翻看看，也不会花很多时间，好处是可以规范自己的写作。enjoyjubilee，如果您要查看本帖隐藏内容请回复3、长并列句其实这类句子不能算是难句，因为句子结构不算复杂。最常见的句子结构是并列，其次是比较。如下句：TPO4-1The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances; (2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves; and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.核心内容是研究者确定了西欧洞穴画作的三个主要发现地，至于后面的一二三点就是在分别描述三个发现地。在阅读的时候，这部分内容可以略读，只要知道大概的框架，如果后面遇到题目，知道在这里能找到就行了。4、混合类复杂句这类相当于上面三类的混合体。下面特别挑了一句超长的句子和大家一起分析：TPO23-3While accepting that this sequence fits the archaeological profile of those sites, which were occupied continuously over many thousands of years a number of writers have warned that the underlying assumption of such a sequencea development from the simple and the geometric to the complex and naturalisticobscures the cultural continuities in Aboriginal Australia, in which geometric symbolism remains fundamentally important.While表示“尽管”的意思，找到主语是a number of writers，核心动词warned，主干有了。破折号部分解释sequence，分析时候可以暂时不管，把破折号前后的句子连起来读，就是warn引导的宾语从句的核心内容。于是分析如下：TopicA number of writers warned the underlying assumption obscures the cultural continuities.DetailsThis sequence fits the archaeological profile of those sites.This view is accepted by many people for over many thou