Lecture Five British media and education---lhy.doc

Lecture Five British Education System and Medial What are the purposes of the British education system? Please comment on these purposes.l What do you think are among the most outstanding changes in the English education system since the 19th century?l What are some of the recent changes that have taken place in a) primary schools, b) secondary schools, and c) higher education? l Is university life in Britain different from that in China? If so, in which aspects?Contentsl Introductionl Historyl Present education systeml Higher educationl Schools TodayIntroductionl 1. the three “ Rs ”l 2. purpose of the British Education *l 3. importance of education in Britainl 4. feature of British Educationl 5. the school tieHistory (P104) 1. the form of British education in the past 2. the British education system is run by the state today 3. Some changes to the British education system* Some changes to the British education system: (P104) *before 1870, education was voluntary and many of the existing schools had been set up by churches *only 40% of children aged 10 went to school regularly (1) some caused by the Industrial Revolution government decided to become involved in taking responsibility for the education of children *in 1870 the government passed a law which called for government-funded education *by 1880, the attendance at school for children between 5 and 10 was compulsory rather than voluntary(2) Some caused by WWII the government began planning to reconstruct the education system 1944 Education Act * stipulates that all children were given the right to free secondary education (failed) in the 1960s, comprehensive system was introduced into Britain ended the division between grammar schools and vocational schools entrance exams were abolishedthe Education Reform Act 1988 provided for the establishment of a National Curriculum for 5-16 year-olds and regular examinations brought a big change (reintroduced competition between schools)National Curriculum * (P106)l The national curriculum occupies not less than 70% of the school timetable, the rest of the time being used for subjects of the schools choosing. l There are four key Stages. At each of the stages the core subjects of English, mathematics, science, technology, physical education and religious education are taught. l History, geography, music and art are also compulsory subjects up to 16 years old, but they become optional in Key Stage 4. l A modern foreign language is added to the curriculum at Key Stages 3 and 4. The Present Education System1. Education in the UK is compulsory (from the ages of 5 to 16)2. State schools and private schools*3. The schooling stages*l State schools and private schools state schools: funded by local and central government (free) *a system of “league tables” private schools (public schools): receive their funding through the private sector, tuition rates and government assistance l There are nine famous public schools: Winchester, Eton, St. Pauls, Shrewsbury, Westminister, Merchant Taylors, Rugby, Harrow and Charterhouse.Eton College is located in the town Eton which is an urban district of southeast-central England on the Thames Riverl Eton is a public school for boys age 13-18. Almost all the pupils go on to study A levels, 90% will go on to university, a quarter to Oxford and Cambridge. The pupil/teacher ration is 9.5 to one, while in state secondary school the ratio is 20 to one.l Eton the most famous school in the world, Britains biggest boarding school and educator of its social elite since 1440. l So far the school has educated 20 Prime Ministers and six Chancellors of Exchequer. Its literary figures include Henry Fielding, Percy Byshe Shelley, George Orwell. It was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI. In the past, almost all the students coming from upper class families. Now sons of accountants, doctors or businessmen also have access to it.l The schooling stages(1)up to age 5 pre-primary schooling(2)from the age of 5-11 primary schools exam “the 11- plus” (co-educational/mixed)Class teacher system in primary schools In order to give young children a sustained contact with one teacher, usually one teacher is responsible for organizing the whole days lessons and have to teach all the subjects.(3)age of 11-19 secondary schools (comprehensive/grammar) age of 16 GCSE exams (some choices) age of 18 or 19 A-levels exams (after 2 years in the Sixth Form) go to university / if not, take vacational training (GNVQs)GCSEThe General Certificate of Secondary Education is taken at the end of compulsory education at the age of 16. All the students are required to take it.The results often help the students and their parents to made a choice whether they will go to college or not.GCE A levell About 70% of 16 year old pupils choose to continue in full-time education. Some students continue in the same school for a further two years of study in the sixth form. After two-year study, three or four subjects are taken in the examination of the General Certificate of Education- Advanced level (GCE A level)普通教育证书考试高级水平课程 . The grades obtained in GCE A level are the main basis whether the students can go to college or not.Higher Education and Training in the UK1. Nearly all universities are public bodies2. Higher education has a long history in the UK3. The general condition of university students4. Degrees*5. Leading universities in UK*6. Open university and further education*Degrees awarded:l Bachelor of Arts (BA) or Bachelor of Science (BSc) after three years of full-time study.l Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Science (MSc) after a further one year full-time or two year part-time study.l Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) after at least three years of original research. Cambridge University, Cambridge, east-central EnglandOxford University, with its famed dreaming spires was founded in the 12th century and still dominates the center of Oxford.Oxbridge Boat Race June 10, 1829Institutions of Higher EducationUniversities l University graduates & British political leadership: Oxbridge graduates Thatcher, Blair, from Oxford; 2/3 of Blairs cabinet membersl Individuals still feel positive about educationStudents Activities Choir, Clare College, pubbing, soccerInstitutions of Higher Learning Application and Admissionl Application: UCAS (Universities & Colleges Admissions Service, /juks/)l (英国)高校招生办理部 l the middle of the January of the year that the student wishes to start university; an earlier deadline for Oxbridge candidatesl Admitted to particular courses of studyl 5 coursesl Applicants prepare: l Grades for A-levels, or Higher (or predicted)l A personal statementl An interview as required by some universitiesl An extra exam (the STEP): Cambridge applicants; just after the A Level examsl Response from the institutionl Rejection l Contiditional offerl Unconditional offerOpen university and further educationl The open university is a non-residential university offering degree and other courses for adult students of all ages. They offer degrees which are the same as those of other universities.l Further education is often taken part-time or in the evening. Further education colleges have strong links with industry and commerce, employers often being involved in the design of the courses.Schools Todayl Primary schoolsl Compulsory schooling starts at 5l Co-educational and a class-teacher systeml Three-term school yearl Secondary schoolsl Compulsory schooling extends up to 16l The selective system, comprehensive system and independent schoolsl Sixth form colleges/ tertiary collegesl Other schoolsl County schoolsl Voluntary schoolsThe Selective Systeml A system for secondary schooling in Britain, under which children take an examination, the “11 plus”, in their last year of primary education.l The results of the examination determine the kind of secondary schooling each child will receive.l Those with the highest marks go to grammar schools; others may go to technical schools, and the rest by far majority go to secondary modern schools.The Comprehensive SystemIndependent SchoolsPublic schools: secondary private boarding schools that prepare students chiefly for universities. They laid the foundations of English education, but now are generally restricted to a comparatively small section of the population, mainly the rich and conservative in politics. Eton, Harrow and Rugby are the 3 most famous public schools.l Prep schools: small private boarding schools for children up to 7 or 8 years old, which help to prepare the children for the “common entrance” examination at the age of 13 for admission to a public school, and where Latin, French and mathematics are all started early.Other Schoolsl County schools: state-run secondary schools, most of which are administered by the county or county borough. About half of the money comes from the local authority and the other half from the central government. l Voluntary schools: also called mission schools in other countries, secondary schools in Britain that are mostly Church of England or Roman Catholic in origin, and partly maintained and controlled by the local authority. They give a certain amount of denominational religious instruction. Education is free in such schools.“Red Brick”l The Redbrick Universities include all the provincial universities of the period 1850-1930 as well as London University. Because the favorite building material of the period between 1850-1930 is red brick, and all the universities of the time were built in red brick. Thus, they were called the Redbrick Universities.l “Red brick”: a slightly contemptuous term used to refer to the large group of 19th- and 20th-century universities and university colleges in Britain. It describes their construction, which is contrasted with the more dignified and solid-looking ancient architecture of Oxford and Cambridge. The distinctive feature of these universities was that they were non-collegiate institutions which admitted men without reference to religion or background and that they concentrated on real-world skills, often linked to engineering. MediaIntroductionBritish NewspapersThe Broadcast MediaIntroductionl 1. the degree of popularity of the media 1st : TV 2nd: newspaper3rd: radio the media are central/important to British leisure culture.l 2. the functions of the media entertainment; provide information about political and social issues; weather reports; carry advertising; education; provide a forum for people to write letters or phone in to express their views or seek advice; engendering a national cultureBritish Newspapersl The UK has one of the worlds oldest established newspaper industries. l Q: When and why did more and more newspapers begin to appear?l Q: What is the relationship between the British press and politics, business and peoples lives?l British newspaper culture is unusual. social class & educational differencesl Britain has one of the highest levels of newspaper sales per head of population, and there are 1400 different newspapers. l Britain has 10 different daily national newspapers. l There are two categories of national newspapers: (features of each) “the quality press” / “the broadsheets” “the tabloids” / “the popular newspapers” / “the gutter press”l The Observer-still published every Sunday; first appeared in 1791; the worlds oldest national newspaper.l The Times-began in 1785; the UKs oldest daily newspaper.l The Guardian-a national daily newspaper which is radical in politics and interested in society and social problems. It is quite soft on crime and quite feminist and shows great concern for green politics.l The Telegraph-one of the quality press, support tough sentences for criminals, be unsympathetic to single mothers and favour free enterprise over social programmes. l The News of the World-one of the tabloids which began publishing as a paper in 1843. It gives great coverage on crime, sport and sex stories. By the 1930s it was Britains most popular Sunday paper, selling 3.4 million copies each week. It now sells about 4.7 million papers each week, and is Britains biggest seller. l the Financial Times-about business, is not only printed at home but also printed in other countries of the world.l Fleet Street: a street in London, England named after the River Fleet. It was the home of the British press until the 1980s. Even though the last major British news office, Reuters, left in 2005, the streets name continues to be used as a metonym for the British national press.l freedom of British press:l Officially speaking the British newspapers are free from government control and censorship and can print what they like, but many British laws limit the freedom of newspapers. Eg. Contempt of court laws other laws of libel and defamationThe media is also affected by Official Secret Act, a legal act which demands that all government information is kept secret unless the government says it can be released and those who break this legal act would be fined or even sent to prison. l In Britain, most advertising is carried in newspapers. All media must follow the Advertising Code.l It is stipulated to make sure that all advertisements are legal, decent, honest and truthful; all advertisements should have a sense of responsibility for consumers and society and respect the principles of fair competition.l The broadcast mediatelevision and radio are very important to British national life.l Q: What do British people watch?l British newscasts are renowned for the quality of their reporting. There are 5 television channels BBC1, BBC2, funded by license fees and three other channels, run by the Independent Television Commission (ITC) and funded by advertising.l The BBC: the British Broadcasting Corporation was founded in 1927 as a public service radio station and later moved into television in 1936. Its now Britains main public service broadcaster. It currently has two TV channels. BBC 1 specializes in shows with a broad appeal. BBC 2 supplies special interest audiences with documentaries and shows aimed at particular social groups. l The BBC also provides the World Service which broadcasts in English and 43 other languages throughout the world.l The Broadcasting Act: its designed to keep ownership of broadcast media widely spread so there are no concentrations of media power in the hands of a few, and foreign ownership is not allowed. Its also to retain standards of decency, taste, accuracy and balance.l * The British government is one of the countrys 10 biggest advertisers. Historically grouped intol mass market tabloids: (eg The Sun)l middle-market tabloids (eg the Daily Mail) l quality broadsheets (eg The Times) mass market tabloidsl The Sun, Daily Star, Daily Sport l Page Three Girll StarBirdsl Close link with the porno industry Middle market tabloidsl Daily Mail, Daily Expressl A very different readership - that of affluent women l Weekend supplements, sports supplementsl The Daily Mail: l Right-wing agendal Former owner Lord Northcliffe: its formula is to give his readers a daily hate. Quality Broadsheetsand Quality Compactsl The Times, UKs oldest national newspaper, not the most popular l The Daily Telegraph (the Daily Torygraph) l The