过程装备和控制工程专业英语.doc

第四单元Membrane Stresses薄膜应力Shells of Revolution回转壳体Curve曲线 Axis轴线Process vessels过程容器 Cylinder cylindrical 圆柱,圆柱的Cone conical圆锥 ,圆锥的Hemispherical sphere半球形的,球形 Ellipsoidal椭圆形的 Torispherical准球形的（碟形的）Bending stresses弯曲应力 Shear stresses剪切应力 Internal pressure内压Arising from由什么引起 Be subjected to承受Symmetric对称的Circumference周向的 Meridional stress经向应力 Circumferential stress周向应力Tangential stress切向应力 Radius of curvature曲率半径 Normal component法向分量Diameter直径 An angle to the axis与轴夹角段落： 22页2，3段第五单元mechanical vibration机械振动 periodically repeated motion交替重复的运动 wear磨损bear轴承 fatigue疲劳 precision instrument精密仪表 propeller螺旋桨threshing machine脱粒机 spring弹簧 shaft轴 beam梁 cantilever beam悬臂梁cycle循环 frequency频率 amplitude振幅 displacement位移 elastic force弹性力free vibration自由振动 natural frequency自然频率 forced vibration受迫振动exciting force激振力 damped vibration阻尼振动 undamped vibration非阻尼振动degree of freedom自由度 coordinate坐标重点段落：图1.20下面的第一段:Mechanical vibrations .for many purposes.第六单元金属合金 metal alloy结晶的crystalline 晶格crystal-lattice 原子atom 离子ions锻造金属wroung metal 铸造金属cast metal 导热体conductor of heat导电体conductor of electricity 塑性的plastic 黑色金属ferrous metal 铸铁cast iron有色金属nonferrous metal 碳钢carbon steel 铜合金copper alloy 钛trtanium熔点melting point第七单元原材料 the virgin/starting material 韧性ductility 脆性brittleness 断裂fracture硬化hardening 导热性 thermal conduction 润滑(n,v）lubrication ,lubricateThe final strength of any material used in an engineering component depends on its mechanical and physical properties after it has been subjected to one or more different manufacturing processes. 用于工程构件的任何一种材料的最终强度取决于这种材料在经历了一种或多种不同加工过程之后的机械与物理性质。A similar argument applies to a rather more elusive property of any material，namely，its ductility，which is usually understood to mean the ability of a material to accept large amounts of deformation without fracture. 一个类似的问题也适用于另一个甚至更难捉摸的材料性质，即材料的韧性。它通常被理解为指的事材料承受大变形而不发生断裂的能力。第八单元Manufacturing Engineering Processes制造工艺过程 Mass-conserving process质量守恒过程 Mass-reducing process质量减少过程 Forging锻造 Rolling滚压/轧制Powder compaction粉末轧制 Ductile fracture塑性破坏 Brittle fracture脆性破坏Melting融化 Evaporation蒸发 Dissolution溶解 Combustion燃烧 Turning车削Milling铣削 Drilling钻 Electric discharge放电加工 Cutting切削Friction welding摩擦焊 Working temperature工作温度 lower die下模 Upper die上模Forging machines锻压机Drop hammer锻锤 Hydraulic drives液压驱动 Hot rolling热轧Hot forging热锻 Ceramic 陶瓷 Hot-treated热处理 Production rates生产率Sintering engineering烧结法 Ingot毛坯第九单元strip steel 带钢 tool steel 工具钢 magnifying glass放大镜 microscope 显微镜polish抛光 grind研磨 etch蚀刻 photomicrograph 显微照相metallograph 金相照片 space lattices 晶格 magnify放大 allotropy同素异构的 allotropic change 同素异构转变 graphite 石墨 第十单元化工厂 chemical plant 腐蚀（n）corrode，（Adj）corrosion，（V）corrodent溶质 solute 溶剂solvent 溶液solution 化学蚀刻chemical milling 消声器muffler冷凝管condenser tube 冷凝器，聚光镜condenser 人力资源 human resources阳极处理 / 阴极保护anodizing of aluminum / cathodic protection污水，下水道系统 sewage 停工,停止运转,关闭shutdown1. 即使是在一个材料选择总是正确的，设备设计没有任何缺陷并且操作也没有任何错误的理想世界中，腐蚀仍将发生，只不过是以可以接受的腐蚀速率发生罢了。In a perfect world the right material would always be selected, equipment designs would have no flaws , no mistakes would be made in operation, and corrosion would still occur but at an acceptable rate .2. 腐蚀防护的成本也包括例如阴极保护的投资成本，其电力消耗与维修成本，化学缓蚀剂的成本以及抗腐蚀材料的附加成本等。Also included is the cost of corrosion protection such as the capital costs of cathodic protection , its power and maintenance, the costs of chemical inhibitors , and the extra costs of corrosion resistant materials .3.炼油厂在腐蚀控制方面具有良好声誉，这部分地是由于其产品的价值给了炼油厂以资金来进行腐蚀控制，部分的也是由于对炼油厂来说如果任何一项腐蚀控制措施出现问题的话，都存在发生火灾的危险。Petroleum refineries have the best reputation for corrosion control ,partly because the value of their product gives them the money to do it correctly and partly because the danger of fire is always present if anything goes wrong .第十三单元传热原理Principles of heat transfer 热传导 Heat conduction or thermal conduction热对流 heat convection or thermal convection 辐射thermal radiation温度梯度temperature gradient 宏观的macroscopic 晗enthalpy 通量flux摩擦力force of friction 湍流turbulent flow 层流laminar flow 浮力buoyancy forces强制对流forced convection 自然对流natural convection 电磁波electromagnetic waves单原子的monatomic 双原子的diatomic 热通量heat flux 未隔热的unlagged截面cross section 绝热的adiabatically 流束fluid stream第十六单元压力容器pressure vessel 过程设备process equipment 小碎片fraction整体的，单层的monoblock 圆柱壳体cylindrical shell 半球形封头hemispherical heads椭球形封头elliptical head 锥形封头conical heads 法兰flange 接管nozzle裙座skirt support 鞍座 addle support 安全系数factors of safety许应压力the allowable stress 人孔/手孔 manway/hand hold第十七单元腐蚀抗力 corrosion resistance 总体的完整性 overall integrity 射线探伤 radiography应力去除 stress relieving 分析设计 design-by-analysis 许用应力 allowable stress腐蚀与冲刷余量 the corrosion and erosion amounts 毒性 lethal 持续的 sustained瞬时的 transient 钢号 designation 安全系数 factors of safety 失效模式 mode of failure蠕变 creep 破裂rupture屈服点 yield point极限抗拉强度 the ultimate tensile strengthThe factors of safety are directly related to the theories and modes of failure, the specific design criteria of each code, and the extend to which various levels of actual stresses are determined and evaluated.安全系数与失效理论与失效模式、各种规范下的特殊设计标准以及确定与评估各种水平实际应力的程度直接联系在一起。第十九单元Heat exchangers 换热器 shell-and-tube exchangers管壳式换热器 Proprietary 专利的 plate-and-frame exchanger板框式换热器 Fouling factors 污垢指数compact（plate-in）exchangers 紧凑式（板翅式）换热器 friction factors 摩擦系数Process designed 工艺设计 viscous fluid粘性流体 Gas turbine 蒸汽透平 operating pressures 操作压力Cross flow 错流 operating temperature 操作温度heat recovery 热量的回收 Food processing 食品工艺 motor vehicle 机动车 pharmaceutical processing制药工艺Pressure drop压力降heat transfer coefficients传热系数spiral heat exchangers 螺旋式换热器 finned tube 翅片管 process outlet 工艺出口 log mean temperature对数平均温度 air cooler空冷机 Packing glands 填料压盖 double-pipe exchanger套管式换热器 extended surface扩展表面 annulus环隙 concerns企业dewax脱蜡 scraper 刮刀 countercurrent 逆流 tube side 管层 shell side 壳层第二十一课泵：pump 气蚀：cativation 真空：vacuum叶轮叶片：propeller blade压缩机：compressors流体力学：fluid dynamics单极：single-stage双极：multistage 单作用：single acting双作用：double acting容积泵： positive_displacement 离心泵：centrifugal pump抽扬泵： lift pump 螺旋泵：screw pump 喷射泵：jet pump往复泵：reciprocating pumps止回泵（单项泵）：check valve第二十四课阀门 valve 截止阀 check valve 回转阀 rotory valve 提升阀 lift valve滑阀 slide valve活塞阀 piston valve旋塞阀 cock valve 螺杆阀 screw-down valve楔形阀 wedge-gate valve 平行闸板阀 parallel slide valve 安全阀 safety valve倒塌 collapse 铸铁 cast安装,装置 installation薄膜应力membrane stresses材料力学strength of materials脆性的brittle脆性，脆度 brittlness车削turning传导，导热：conduction错流 crosscurrent传导率，导热系数：conductivity层流：laminar flow对称的，均匀的，平均的symmetric代入substitution单自由度single degree of freedom电磁的：electromagnetic电磁波：electromagnetic waves锻造，锻件forging浮力，浮性；浮性的：buoyancy浮力：buoyancy forces辐射radiation腐蚀：n.corrosion；v.corrode；腐蚀剂corrodent腐烂，枯朽：rot粉末压制powder compaction附加应力excessive stresses法兰flange估计estimate固有频率nature frequency规范，标准code滚压rolling环境:adj.environmental；n.environment焓：enthalpy回转壳体shells of revolution搅拌器，搅拌装置：agitator绝热地：adiabatically结晶，晶体crystal结晶的，透明的crystalline静电的electrostatic精致的，可锻的wrought技术要求,说明书 specification机理，机械作用，机构，机构学：mechanism近似：n.approximate； adj.approximate；adv.approximately径向应力the meridional stress机械振动mechanical vibrations浇铸，铸件cast 铸铁cast iron可锻铸铁wrought iron粒状的，颗粒的granular颗粒grain流变学rheology冷凝器，聚光镜：condenser流变学的rheologic密封垫片,衬垫 gasket磨料，研磨，磨损的abrasive磨损，损耗，耐磨（性）wear逆流 countercurrent判据,准则 criterion破裂，断裂 fracture气蚀 cavitation屈服应力 权限,管辖权 jurisdiction强制对流：forced convection曲率半径radius of curvature强迫振动forced vibration裙座ski