第十四单元 倒 装与省略.doc

第十四单元（改为十五单元，加“省略”部分）倒 装 与 省 略3. 省略概论 （添在108页上）英语是崇尚简洁的语言，而省略是避免重复，使句子简洁的重要语法手段。一般来说，只要不会损害结构或引起歧义，能省略的地方就应该省略。1) 在并立结构中的省略(1) 在并立短语中的省略 为了避免重复，在并立短语中，可根据具体情况省略冠词、指示代词、所有格形容词等限定词以及形容词、名词、介词等(以下例子部分括号中的成分表示省略部分)。例如：a man and (a) woman (冠词省略)a knife and (a) fork (冠词省略)several buses and (several) cars （形容词省略）these books and (these) newspapers （指示代词省略）my students and (my) colleagues （所有格形容词省略）young (women) and middle-aged women （名词省略）in Japan and (in) China （介词省略）(2) 在并立句中的省略为避免重复，在并立句中，可省略主语、谓语、宾语、介词等，有时甚至可将重复的主语和谓语部分一起省略。例如：Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested. （谓语动词are省略）She was poor but (she was) honest. (省略了与前一分句相同的主语和谓语)He peeled (the potatoes) and chopped the potatoes. (省略了与后一分句相同的宾语)Tom won the first race and Charles (won) the second (race). (省约了与前一分句相同的部分：谓语和宾语部分)I havent phoned her yet, but I will (phone her). (省略了助动词后面与前面重复的部分)Are you coming on Monday or (on) Thursday? （省略了介词）In 2002, the countrys auto output was over 3 million units; in 2003, (the countrys auto output was over) 4 million (units); in 2004, (the countrys auto output was over) 5 million (units); in 2006, (the countrys auto output was over)7 million (units). （这是用分号连接的并立结构。在这个结构中，从第二个句子开始，每个分子都省略了主语和谓语等部分。)从以上的例句可见，省略能避免重复，能使上下文衔接自然，使句子言简意赅。如缺少省略，就会显得累赘罗嗦，可见省略是非常重要的。2）在复杂句中的省略(1) 口语中常见的省略(Have you) Seen any good exhibitions lately? (省略了助动词和主语)(It is)Too bad he cant join us. (省略了形式主语和谓语动词)(She) Doesnt know what she is talking about. (省略主语)(I) Hope you will like it. （省略主语）A: Will you leave now?B: Not until I have done my job. (省略了整个主句)(2) 从句中的省略I will make a donation to the university if she will (make a donation to the university). (从句中省略了谓语和宾语部分) Although (he is very) young, he is very experienced and capable. (从句中省略了主谓部分)If (it is) carefully conducted, the test will succeed. （解释同上）I wish to know by whom (this table was reserved) and for whom this table was reserved. (第一个宾语从句中省去主谓部分，以避免重复)4省略难点分析 1）比较结构中的难点分析 为了使句子简洁，在比较结构中的省略现象十分普遍，在一些比较句式中，省略的部分也比较模糊，给理解和造句带来一点困难。例如： They work better together than (they do) if they are alone. She is healthier than (she has) ever (been). She is fatter than (she was) when I last saw her. He often drinks more than is good for his health. 在以上最后一句中省略了什么？句中的more 可作为名词用，意为“更多的量，较多的量，额外数量”，这儿指的是more alcohol, 因此，than 后可以认为省略了the alcohol which, 而the alcohol 可用that 替代，即He often drinks more than that which is good for his health. 而that which = what，所以可改写成He often drinks more than what is good for his health.) 再看以下一例： There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than (what) exists in the public mind today. 该题than 后面同样可以认为省略了what. 2) 定语从句和状语从句中的省略 在状语从句和定语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，并且从句的谓语部分是be+形容词或分词，一般我们可以将从句的主语和be动词一起省略。如： Those (who are) interested in physics may sign up for the contest. You should not speak unless (you are) spoken to. He was reading the newspaper while (he was) waiting his turn to be served. 但在在一些状语从句中，尤其在原因状语从句中，却不能省略，这与语言习惯有关系。如： She is absent because she is ill. 不能说：*She is absent because ill. 又如： I wish to go home, for I am very tired now. 不能说：*I wish to go home, for very tired now.5ExerciseSection C (添在110页上)Rewrite the following sentences, omitting whatever can be omitted without change of meaning.31. I would like to talk with those who are interested in translation.32. Mary wont attend the party unless she is invited.33. He remained a great lover of sport, as he had been a great lover of sport in his youth.34. The police detained all the men who were known to have been in the building at that time.35. I have listened to your story carefully and I have thought about your story carefully. 36. Charles can revise the book and he should revise the book, but he wont revise the book.37. I am ready to meet them when they like and where they like.38. Tell him that Ill call to see him and that Ill have lunch with him.39. He hasnt written his report, but he will soon write his report. 40. Plants which are complicated in structure need longer time to grow. 参考答案31. I would like to talk with those interested in translation.32. Mary wont attend the party unless invited.33. He remained a great lover of sport, as he had been in his youth.34. The police detained all the men known to have been in the building at that time.35. I have listened to and thought about your story carefully.36. Charles can and should revise the book, but he wo