批判看待二孩政策阅读报告.doc

1 湖北工业大学 外国语学院 阅读团队实践报告阅读团队实践报告 班级 13 英语 6 班 班级 13 英语 6 班 学号 1311011617 学号 1311011630 姓名 蔡杰 姓名 刘学舟 班级 班级 学号 学号 姓名 姓名 注 排名无先后主次之分 按照姓氏拼音首字母顺序 由左至右排列 2 摘摘 要要 自中华人民共和国成立以来 从计划生育到二孩政策 我国的生育政策随着时代的发 展和社会的变化在不断改变 为了以对二孩政策的深入分析和解读 提升批判性思维能力 本文主要通过介绍二胎政策的内容 分析二孩政策的时代背景 从经济 家庭等角度解读 二胎政策的影响以及阐明小组成员对二孩政策的异同观点等方面对二孩政策进行深层次的 理解 从而弄清二孩政策的必要性 通过分析讨论 我们发现二孩政策的出台有一定的必 要性和重要性 但其中仍有许多问题需要改善和解决 关键词 二孩政策 批判性思维 时代背景 影响 必要性 Abstract Since the foundation of the People s Republic of China from two children to the family planning policy China s two child policy changes as the development of The times and social change in constant To promote critical thinking ability by in depth analysis and interpretation of the two child policy this article carries on the deep understanding so as to make clear the necessity of two child policy mainly through the introduction of the content of a two child policy analyzing the background of two child policy and from many aspects like economy the influence of family two child policy and clarifying the similarities and differences of team members on two child policy Through analysis and discussion we find that two child policy has certain necessity and importance but there are still many problems that need to be improved and solved 3 Contents 1 Brief introduction to the two child policy 1 1 The definition of the two child policy 1 2 The laws and regulations of the two child policy 2 The background of the two child policy 3 The existent necessity of the two child policy 3 1 The views of the west media 3 2 The pros and cons of the two child policy 3 3 Different opinions from the group 4 Conclusion 5 Main reference five complete materials 6 Slides of the PowerPoint 4 1 Brief introduction to the two child policy The two child policy is a family planning policy of China in which a couple can have at most two children In the past China s family planning policy required a couple to have one child but allowed the couple to have the second child under the specific conditions At the same time if the couple have already two kids they are not allowed to have more babies any more 2 The background of the two child policy Because of such reasons as the high cost of the second child the shift of the outlook on childbirth and the lack of security and support of medical and educational insurance from government the practice of the separate two child encounter coldness and the fertility rates has lowed to a dangerous degree For the decreasing number of new birth and the extension of life span there will be less and less young people and increasing stand out problems of the aging of population in society With the end of the baby boomer and the aging of population Surplus labor force decrease gradually and the Demographic dividend disappear gradually With the frequent accidents happening and many other unpredictable factors the number of families losing the only child have risen which has caused the psychologically heavy pressure in society For the fast development of high technology and the influence of traditional outlook boys are more important than girls the gender imbalance becomes serious which inevitably will lead to the severe crisis of population in the future 3 The existent necessity of the two child policy 3 1 The views of the west media In spite of many facts like that More children also mean less education investment per child and that in the coming years each member of the post 1980s one child generation will need to support two older people on average China s shift to a two child policy is badly 5 needed and not just because it will achieve the intended long term goal of balancing the country s demographic structure While there are certainly pitfalls including a difficult transition period the policy could prove to be a boon to China s efforts to put its economy on a more stable long term growth path Keyu Jin a professor of economics at the London School of Economics Some experts say the shift is likely too little too late to address China s looming population crisis Others warn that many Chinese couples do not want more children particularly given the expense and the effects of the change remain unclear 3 2 The pros and cons of the two child policy The pros One child policy for the Inhibition of imbalance between men and women under the traditional ideas such as reasons has led to many parents selective birth thus eventually gender imbalance problem Now to fully open two child policy can greatly reduce the occurrence of this problem To mitigate the decreasing fertility rates of the population aging inevitably lead to the aging of population and the old aging of population which has a direct impact on the financial sustainability of social security system To open the two child policy would ease population aging and reduce the risk of society in the future The cons National fiscal expenditure would increase after opening the two child policy and country will face a series of problems of population growth Environmental capacity the fiscal expenditure and public welfare system and some other macro levels will be under pressure with the increase of population The increasing burden of the personal family in today s era of high price leads to a fact that taking a child to adult needs huge cost To open a second child policy for a average household is a realistic problem that have to be taken into account According to the data in sixth census directly calculated results of the total fertility rate is 1 18 far below 2 1 In general if the total fertility rate is lower than 2 1 for developed countries the newborn population is not enough to make up for the number of women and their mates 6 3 3 Different opinions from the group Liu Xuezhou In my opinion the two child policy is necessary for our country from its national situation at present and to some extent this policy is a kind of adjustment of family planning policy to the times and the features of the development of society However I think that the complete considerations are not taken into by government which makes the two child policy a hot debate in public and may also lead to the coming embarrassment and a series of problems in development of society Considering that there are so many problems to be solved I also think a variety of secure policies such as the health insurance financial assisstance of education be taken into effect to help citizens handle with the problems the second child causes Only when the government provides safeguard for the people will there be possibility and practical effect to mitigate problems like the population aging the gender imbalance acquiring stable economic development and other issues CaiJie Two child policy once introduced to the society sparked a hot debate among the public As far as I am concerned the application of two child policy is a double edged sword which has it own advantage whereas negative effects are also unavoidable First of all considering the advantages we could divide the benefits of two child policy mainly into two parts national development and personal families The application of two child policy will inevitably make a contribution to the economic development in terms of labor market in the future As is known to all of us the economical miracles of China in the past 30 years largely depends on the Demographic Dividend that equip most of Chinese products with price edge However nowadays the so called Demographic Dividend is disappearing so that those coastal enterprises become less attractive It has become common phenomenon that some with physical labor but high paid positions are still vacant without applicants Meanwhile the Demographic Dividend is flowing to those less developed countries around China such as Vietnam and Laos What is predictable is that the two child policy could relieve downward pressure caused by the shortage of labor force in some degree 7 4 Conclusion 5 Main reference five complete materials 5 1 Prep for China s two child consumption engine 5 2 China s new two child policy law takes effect 5 3 China media Two child policy 5 4 China s Two Child Policy Takes Effect But Couples Apprehensive Amid Economic Slowdown 5 5 6 Slides of the PowerPoint 20152015 关于开放二胎政策看法的调查报告关于开放二胎政策看法的调查报告 篇一篇一 一 调查目的一 调查目的 中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定 明确 坚持计划生育的基本国策 启动实施一方是独生子女的夫妇可生育两个孩子的政策 逐步调整完善生育政策 促进人 口长期均衡发展 随着国家放开单独二胎政策的实行 已经有几个省份具体实行单独二胎 政策 其余省份也都在准备中 并将适时实行单独二胎政策 河北省也将于近期放开单独 二胎 计划生育是我国长期基本国策 本次单独二胎政策也是根据我国人口结构的现状以 及人们的需求来制定实施的 放开单独二胎的政策会对人们的生活带来哪些具体的影响呢 这些影响需要政府实施哪些措施来应对呢 人口数量的变化带来的影响需要政府采取一系 列措施来解决 这对于改善民生 促进社会和谐具有重要的意义 通过我的这次调查得出 8 的个人结论 为政府机构提供个人见解 为解决放开单独二胎带来的一系列影响提供一些 依据 二 调查时间 二 调查时间 2015 年 3 月 20 日至 4 月 10 日 三 调查地点 三 调查地点 宁晋县人口和计划生育局 凤凰路 256 号 四 调查范围 四 调查范围 来宁晋县人口和计划生育局办理各种业务的每个人 五 调查方法 五 调查方法 采用问卷调查的方式 六 调查结果六 调查结果 调查结果 调查结果 通过对放开单独二胎政策的看法 83 的被调查者表示支持 孩子们可以有个伴 互相 照应 10 的被调查者不支持 并认为现在中国人口数量太多了 另外还有 7 的被调查者 表示还没有想好 对于你是否会考虑生二胎的问题 63 的被调查者表示会考虑生 22 表示 不会考虑生育二胎 养孩子成本太高了 同时也有 15 的被调查者表示不一定 视情况而 定 对于你为什么想生二 胎的看法 80 的被调查者持有希望儿女双全 年老多个依靠的观点 65 的被调查者 表示这是遵照老一辈家长的希望 另外有 55 被调查者认为想生二胎的理由是子承家业 传宗接代 对于你为什么不想生二胎的看法 82 的被调查者认为当下生活成本高 多一个 孩子家里开销增加太多 33 的被调查者则担心给孩子的爱不均衡 难免会出现偏心 另有 12 的被调查者表示更喜欢三口之家的生活 62 的被调查者会选择独生子女作为自己配偶 75 的被调查者担心孩子以后的受教育问题 80 的被调查者担心孩子多了以后的医疗问题 希望政府通过以上调查结果采取措施解决这几个方面的问题 第一 未来人口增加所 造成的的医疗压力 第二 未来人口增加造成的基础教育压力问题 第三 做好单独二胎政 策宣传解释工作 篇二篇二 一 现状分析一 现状分析 9 中国是一个人口大国 由 2010 年的人口普查数据可知 我国现有人口共 13 397 亿 2010 年末全国总人口达 13 410 亿人 在这样的一个人口基数下 我国的人口老年化也在 加剧 据 2011 年至 2015 年老年事业发展纲要 的数据显示 目前我国老年人口占总人 口的比例在 10 2 以上 60 岁以上的老人超过 1 3 亿 是世界上老年人最多的国家 占世 界老年人口的 1 5 占整个亚洲老年人口的 1 2 而在 2010 年年底我国 60 岁及其以上的人 口比重已经达到 20 38 据相关专家推测 在 2020 年将达到 27 53 2030 年更将是 37 55 2040 年将为 45 00 所以我国将进入 超老年型 社会 中国迅速上升的老年人 口比例 对比为数不多的人均收入 难免会让我们想到未来养老难的问题 二 农村生育观原因分析二 农村生育观原因分析 1 计划生育观 今天的农村生活水平大幅度提高了 人们有了更多的积蓄来干别的事 但和城市人口 相比 农村人口文化素质偏低 思想不够解放 眼界不够开阔以及农村传统思想的病根 在计划生育观上仍存在严重问题 通过调查 接近 90 的村民认为农村不该多生 在多数 城里人看来 只有一个才不叫多生 但 70 的村民认为农村家庭两个孩子最好 尤其是一 男一女 她们看来两个并不为多 在对待农村生育与中国人口压力的问题上 35 的村民肯 定农村超生会增重国家人口压力 应该严格控制农村计划生育 只有严格符合条件的夫妇 才可以生二胎 然而 65 的村民给出他们的看法 认为国家人口压力与农村无关 只要人 家有能力抚养孩子 可以接受罚款就让生育二胎 中国人口压力因农村超生而加大 这是最为严重也最为明显的一个问题 我国是一个 人口大国 同时也是一个农业大国 农民是国家人口的主要组成部分 国家的发展关系着 农民的衣食住行 农村的落后制约着国家的改革发展与创新 对中国而言 农村是其兴衰 的命脉 我国的资源总量并不少 但为何我们只能排在发展中国家的行列 显然是人多 计 划生育是针对中国人口压力大而制定的一项国策 我们应该积极响应号召 严格按照要求 有计划的生育 MATERIAL 1 COMMENTARY WORLD 10 Prep for China s two child consumption engine BY KEYU JIN JAN 8 2016 ARTICLE HISTORY LONDON The announcement in October that China is terminating its one child policy marks the end of a 37 year historical aberration that has accelerated the country s demographic aging by decades The social and economic consequences of the authorities drastic population controls which reduced the average fertility rate in urban households from about three in 1970 to just over one by 1982 have been dramatic The question now is whether and to what extent the country s new two child policy will mitigate those consequences The impact of the two child policy is likely to be just as far reaching and overall much more positive than that of the one child rule This is especially true in the long term but the effects will become apparent even in the relatively shorter term One key reason is that an increase in the number of children per household will force a reduction in the aggregate savings rate fulfilling a long standing macroeconomic goal China s current saving rate is so high that it is often blamed for fueling global imbalances and driving down interest rates worldwide Moreover it is a major obstacle in China s ongoing transition from an export led growth model to one based on domestic consumption and services The two child policy may prove indispensable in propelling this transition a process that will begin sooner than most observers anticipate So far economists have focused largely on the impending shifts in China s demographic structure Driven by the one child policy the share of China s population under the age of 20 fell from 51 percent in 1970 to 27 percent by 2010 while the share of people aged 60 and up rose from 7 percent to 14 percent As a result the median age increased from about 20 to 35 As retirees increasingly outnumber working age people the pressure on today s younger generation will intensify Indeed in the coming years each member of the post 1980s one child generation will need to support two older people on average 11 Of course when the two child generation becomes middle aged its members will each have to support only one elderly person on average alleviating the economic pressure associated with such a high old age dependency ratio But that will take a few decades In the meantime the post 1980s one child generation will be supporting not only the elderly but also a higher number of young people Although this will undoubtedly be tough for the one child generation an unintended side effect will be a surge in consumption as its members will have little choice but to spend a lot more A comparison of families that had twins under the one child policy and those that had just one child offers an indication of the scale of the change in consumption though of course the inability of twins parents to spread out consumption spending over time means that it is not a perfect representation In terms of saving urban households with two children saved 12 8 percent of their incomes on average in 2009 compared to 21 3 percent in families with an only child The difference is large across all income groups The child fueled boost in household consumption will undoubtedly affect some sectors more than others At first the surge in the number of children will boost the performance of stocks in children s books toys and bicycles As that generation ages demand for housing life insurance and pharmaceuticals will increase substantially One of the biggest differences will be expenditure on education According to the 2009 urban household survey a one child household in China spends an average of 10 6 percent of its total income on education whereas a household with twins spends 17 3 percent As the number of households with two children increases this change alone could cause the aggregate saving rate in China to drop by as much as 7 to 10 percentage points from 30 percent today to about 22 percent over the next 10 years There is however a caveat More children also mean less education investment per child which could lead to lower human capital attainment Indeed the average twin receives far less support after age 15 than the average only child creating large differences in education outcomes Twins are 40 percent more likely to go to a vocational high school than only children Nonetheless China s shift to a two child policy is badly needed and not just because it will achieve the intended long term goal of balancing the country s demographic structure While there are certainly 12 pitfalls including a difficult transition period the policy could prove to be a boon to China s efforts to put its economy on a more stable long term growth path Keyu Jin a professor of economics at the London School of Economics is a World Economic Forum Young Global Leader and a member of the Richemont Group Advisory Board Project Syndicate 2016 MATERIAL 2 China s new two child policy law takes effect January 1 2016 1 13 AM Married couples in China will from Friday be allowed to have two children after concerns over an aging population and shrinking workforce ushered in an end to the country s controversial one child policy The change which was announced in October by the ruling Communist Party takes effect from January 1 2016 Beijing s official Xin Hua news agency reported over the weekend The one child policy instituted in the late 1970s restricted most couples to only a single offspring through a system of fines for violators and even forced abortions For years authorities argued that it was a key contributor to China s economic boom and had prevented 400 million births Rural families were allowed two children if the first was a girl while ethnic minorities were allowed an extra offspring leading some to dub it a one and a half child policy But it also led to heart rending tales of loss for would be parents and prompted sex selective abortions or infanticide targeting girls because of a centuries old social preference for boys China s population the world s largest at 1 37 billion is now ageing rapidly and has severe gender imbalances all while the country s workforce is shrinking 13 Under the new law married couples are now allowed to have a second child but the legislation maintains limits on additional births Around three million extra babies will be born each year over the next five years as a result officials from the National Health and Family Planning Commission predicted at a briefing in November This would add a total of about 30 million people to the labour force by 2050 officials said Still experts say the shift is likely too little too late to address China s looming population crisis Others warn that many Chinese couples do not want more children particularly given the expense and the effects of the change remain unclear MATERIAL 3 China media Two child policy 13 February 2015 Papers round on a proposal that couples should have no fewer than two children to deal with China s ageing population problem China relaxed its longstanding one child policy in 2013 in response to lower population growth allowing couples to have two children if either parent is an only child But the change has attracted fewer applications than expected and the birth rate has remained stagnant In response a senior family planning official in northern Shanxi province believes the one child policy should be fully relaxed with all married couples being strongly encouraged have two children The comments by Mei Zhiqiang deputy head of the province s family planning commission sparked a heated debate in the papers and social media While acknowledging the problem raised by Mr Mei the Global Times strongly rejects his suggestion arguing that