2_翻译定义与标准.doc

英汉对比翻译连淑能英汉对比研究 高等教育出版社刘宓庆新编汉英对比与翻译 中国对外翻译出版公司周志培汉英对比与翻译中的转换 华东理工大学出版社邵志洪汉英对比翻译导论 华东理工大学出版社陈定安英汉比较与翻译（增订版）中国对外翻译出版公司潘文国汉英对比纲要北京语言大学出版社综合与分析汉语属于分析型(analytic)为主的语言。英语是从综合型(synthetic)向分析型发展的语言。语法意义语法意义包括：性(gender)数(number) 格(case)时态(tense)语态(voice)语气(mood)比较级(degree of comparison) 人称(person)词性(parts of speech)表达语法意义的手段通常有三种：形态变化虚词语序New factories are being built all over the country. 全国到处都在兴建新工厂。（时态，语态，数）The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 据说此书已译成多种语言。（语态）They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years.他们告诉我，到年底，他们在一起工作就有三十年了。（时态）During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children.战争期间要是碰到这样的年景，很多人肯定会没命，很多人会逃荒要饭，很多人会被迫卖儿卖女。（语气）Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year.（由于）受到了这样的鼓励，他们为第二年制定了一个更大胆的计划。（比较）He moves with astonishing rapidity. 他行进速度之快，令人惊讶。（性，人称，词性）综合型语言：指这种语言主要通过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义。A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical meanings.inflected forms ：屈折变化分析型语言，是指这种语言中的语法意义主要不是通过词本身的形态变化来表达，而是通过虚词，语序等词汇手段来表达。An analytic language is characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms我给他一本书。I gave him a book.他已给我两本书。 He has given me two books.他爸爸常给他一些书。 His father often gives him books.对翻译的启示：在英译汉时，注意必要时，从形态变化转向词汇手段；在汉译英时，必须从词汇手段转为形态变化。 Newsmen went flying off Germany.记者纷纷飞离德国.The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山开始在山谷里投入青色的长影.When he has taken his exercise and is drinking his tea or his beer, and lighting his pipe设想在他运动之余品茶或喝酒，并点着烟斗时I would have asked why Mrs. Dean had deserted the Grange; but it was impossible to delay her at such a crisis, so I turned away and made my exit (Wuthering Heights).我原想问问迪安太太为什么丢下田庄走了,但是在这个节骨眼上是不能耽搁她的,于是我便转身离开了.二十岁那年，我就逃出了父亲的家庭。直到现在还是过着流浪的生活。（萧红 永远的憧憬和追求）When I was twenty, I fled home. Since then I have been wandering round like hoboGreat palms rose from the shore, clouds of pink flamingos took off from the water. The sounds and colors were intoxicating. 一株株挺拔的棕榈树矗立于海岸，一群群粉红色的火烈鸟从海面腾飞而起。这色彩斑斓，声音悦耳的世界令人陶醉。我本来是一个谦虚谨慎，人见人爱的孩子，是牛津大学将我弄得这么人见人嫌。I was a modest, good-humored boy; it is Oxford that has made me insufferable.翻译练习：1. Saddam Hussein pinned newly minted “Mother of All Battles” medals to their chests and showered them with gifts of land and autos.2. He held that a man of learning, if he does not wish to degrade himself, must never cease to participate in public affairs.3. So long, chicken. Hello! Tofu. Tofu and a host of other products made from the mighty soybean are pushing aside meat, milk and even ice cream on grocery store shelves these days as scientists rave about the health benefits of soy.4. The governments at all levels are so competent, economical and efficient that nobody fails to speak well of them.5. Tell him that he shall be punished if he does not take himself away.6. Only objects struck by the light are visible.7. I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man.8. It is now thought that the more work we give our brain, the more work they are able to do.9. We shall all miss him, but we wish him a long and happy retirement.10. The study found that non-smoking wives of men who smoke cigarettes face a much greater than normal danger of developing lung cancer. 11. Nothing is more futile and more self-defeating than the bitterness of spurned love, the vengeful feeling that someone else has “come between” oneself and a beloved.12. Why should I quarrel with my bread and butter?13. Mr. Wilson talks a lot but Mrs. Wi