Unit 5 Lesson 4 单元语法参考学案

Unit 5 单元语法参考学案学习目标：To practise using adverbial clauses.To master the key and difficult points of the adverbial clauses. 一、 时间状语从句1. when引导的时间状语从句，常译为“当的时候”，when的从句可以用延续性动词，也可以用点动词。eg. He was working at the table when I went in. 当我进去的时候，他正在桌旁工作。Someone knocked at the door when I was sleeping. 当我正在睡觉时，有人敲门。I will visit my good friend when I have time. 当我有空儿时，我将去看望我的好友。I worked for a foreign company when I was in Shanghai. 当我在上海时，我为一家外国企业工作。注：when也可以作并列连词，表示一个动词正在进行的时候，突然间发生了另外一件事。eg.I was fishing by the river, when someone called for help. 我正在河边钓鱼，就在那时有人求救。We were working in the chemistry lab, when the lights went out. 我们正在化学实验室工作，突然灯都熄灭了。2. while引导的时间状语从句，常译为“与同时，在期间”，while的从句中常用延续性动词或表示状态的词。eg. They rushed in while we were discussing problems. 当我们正在讨论问题时，他们冲了进来。Father was cleaning the car while I was playing computer games. 当我正在打电子游戏时，爸爸正在清洗汽车。注：while也可以作并列连词，表转折的关系，相当于but，译为“然而”。eg.I like listening to music, while my brother likes doing sports. 我喜欢听音乐，而我的兄弟爱好运动。3. as引导的时间状语从句，常译为“当的时候，一边一边”as的从句中可使用延续性动词，也可使用点动词。eg.He sang as he was working. 他一边工作一边唱歌。As time goes by, we have a better understanding of things around us . 随着时间的推移，我们对自己周围的事物有了更好的理解。4. before和after引导的时间状语从句，before强调主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前，而after强调主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。eg.He had been a cook before he went to college. 他上大学前曾当过厨师。He called me after he had finished his work. 他在工作完之后给我打了个电话。注：若主句和从句两个动作发生的先后顺序十分接近，那么也可以不用完成时态，例如上面的第二句可改成：He called me after he finished his work. 5. as soon as引导的时间状语从句，译为“一就”。eg.He will go to see you as soon as she gets here. 他一到这里就会去看你。She got everything ready as soon as she got to school. 她一到学校就把一切都准备好了。6. since引导的时间状语从句，译为“自从”，主句常用现在完成时，从句常用一般过去时。eg.We have made many dumplings since we began to cook. 自从我们开始做饭起，我们已经包了许多饺子了。We havent seen each other since we parted. 我们自从分手以后一直没见过面。注：常用句型：It is +时间段+since从句 译为：自从有多长时间了。eg.It is six years since she graduated from the university. 自从她大学毕业已有六年的时间了。7. till和until引导的时间状语从句，译为“直到为止”，not till / until引导的时间状语从句，译为“直到才”。前者强调主句动作的结束，用延续性动词，后者强调主句动作的开始，用点动词。eg.I will wait for my friend until / till he comes. 我要一直等到我朋友来。We wont start our discussion until / till he comes. 我们要等到他来了，再开始我们的讨论。二、让步壮语从句:though, although注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用Although its raining, they are still working in the field.虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。He is very old, but he still works very hard.虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）典型例题1） _she is young, she knows quite a lot. A. WhenB. However C. Although D. Unless答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。2)as, though 引导的倒装句as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.注意： a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.= Though he tries hard, he never seems虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。3)ever if, even though.即使Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.4) whetheror- 不管都Whether you believe it or not, it is true.5)no matter +疑问词 或疑问词+后缀ever No matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.替换： no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.（对）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given, （对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句三、原因状语从句1. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词有because, as, since, now that等。例如:I went to the library because I wanted to look for a book about Chinese folk music. As it is raining, we shall not go to the park immediately. Since / Now that everyone is here, lets begin our meeting now.注意:because引导的原因状语从句可放在主句前或后,回答why引导的问句,语气较强,表示直接的因果关系；而as, since, now that 引导的原因状语从句表示双方都知道的原因,语气较弱,不能用来回答why引导的问句,且since和now that 引导的状语从句通常放在主句前。2. 此外,seeing that, considering that也可引导原因状语从句。表示原因的介词短语有:because of, thanks to(幸亏,多亏),due to, owing to 等,后面通常接名词或名词短语。例如:Seeing that you miss your parents very much, you are allowed to have a rest of a week.Considering that I am not a child, I decide to overcome the difficulty myself.Because of his perfect performance in the play, he was welcomed by us all.Thanks to your help, I can find the spelling mistake in my homework.Due to the traffic jam, he is late for the important interview.Owing to the bad weather condition, we have to put off the gathering.四、结果状语从句1. 引导结果状语从句的从属连词有so . that,(so是副词,用来修饰形容词、副词、分词或其他结构),such . that(such 是形容词,用来修饰名词或名词 短语),其结构形式为:so + 形容词/ 副词+ that从句；so + 形容词+a / an+ 可数名词单数形式+ that从句；such +a / an + 形容词+ 可数名词单数+ that从句；such + 形容词+ 复数名词/ 不可数名词+ that从句。例如:The news is so amazing that we just cannot believe it.Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe him.= Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe him.注意:在结果状语中,如果名词前为表示多少的形容词many / much / little / few时,用so . that,即so + many / few + 可数名词复数形式+ that从句；so + much / little + 不可数名词+ that从句。例如:There are so many mistakes in my exam paper that I want to cry.It is natural that such little children eat so little food. (little在这里不表示多少,因此用such . that)2. 除了结果状语以外,too . to .太而不能；so . as to 如此以至于等不定式结构也可以表示结果。例如:It is too dangerous for the old man to do the sports activity.He got up so early as to get to school early.五、目的状语从句1. 引导目的状语从句常用的从属连词有so that, in order that,通常在状语从句中需用情态动词。in order that 引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后,而so that 引导的状语从句只能置于主句之后。例如: Ill speak