简单句和并列句.doc

高三下学期 冲刺高考简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）： Do they like skating? How old is he? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys. Dont talk in class.4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! What英语简单句基本句型有五个：主+谓,主+谓+宾主+谓+双宾主+谓+宾+宾补主+系+表其共有特征是主谓结构（主系表）句子成分主要有四种：主语、谓语动词（系动词）、表语和宾语、附属成分：定语 状语 补语l我们可以给句子的动词加上副词修饰，给名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语进行修饰等，以使整个句子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变，都只有一个主谓结构。He worked hard all his life. (划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词worked)He is a school student in No. 1 Middle School. (划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词student)Pattern 1 主谓1 此句型中，“V” 是不及物动词，后面无宾语，如：常见的不及物动词有：look work apologize happen agree go work listen come die fall exist rise arrive sit sail hurry fail succeedMy right arm hurts.She lived happily.The sun rises every morning.Pattern 2 主系表1充当主语补语的有名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语、动词 V-ing 形式或 V-ed 形式、不定式等，如：My first name is Bill.Life is colorful.Seeing is believing.2常见的连系动词有下列几类：a. 表示“判断”：be；b. 表示“变得”、“成为”：become, come, go, fall, get, grow, prove, turn 等；Prove an effective method (correct, accurate) Turn out true Go mad (crazy, bad, sour, wrong, crazy, hungry, blind) Get angry (ill, wet, excited, married, paid) c. 表示“保持着某一状态”：hold, keep, lie, remain, sit, stay 等；Stand still Remain still (unchanged)d. 表示“看起来”、“好像”：appear, look, seem 等；Appear calm Look fit (well, young, tired) Seem happye. 表示“实感”：feel, sound, taste, smell 等。e.g. She is a teacher and I am a doctor.Spring comes and all trees turn green.He stayed awake all night.You dont look happy, whats the matter?Their plan sounds wonderful.Pattern 3 主谓宾1 “V” 是及物动词，后面需跟一个宾语，可充当宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、V-ing 结构等，如：I understand the program.She asked to see the manager.Mary is considering changing her job.容易误用作及物动词的9个不及物动词：1. 误：deal a problem 正： deal with a problem 处理问题2. 误：depend sb. 正： depend on sb. 依赖（依靠）某人3. 误：insist doing sth 正： insist on doing sth. 坚持要做某事4. 误：knock the door 正： knock on / at the door 敲门5. 误：operate sb 正： operate on sb 为某人做手术6. 误：participate sth. 正： participate in sth. 参加某事7. 误：refer sth. 正： refer to sth 查阅（参考）某物8. 误：rely sb / sth. 正： rely on sb./ sth 依赖（依靠）某人（某物）9. 误：reply a letter 正： reply to a letter 回信 注意：在某些其他用法中，以上有的动词也可能是及物动词，如：insist，reply等动词后可接从句，operate表示“操作”、“管理”等意思时是及物动词。12. 容易误用作不及物动词的8个及物动词：1. 误：serve for sb. 正： serve sb. 为某人服务2. 误：marry with sb. 正： marry sb. 与某人结婚3. 误：discuss about sth. 正： discuss sth. 讨论某事4. 误：mention about sth. 正： mention sth. 提到某事5. 误：enter into a room 正： enter a room 进入房间6. 误：contact with sb. 正： contact sb. 与某人联系7. 误：equal to sth. 正： equal sth 等于某物8. 误：ring to sb. 正： ring sb. 给某人打电话Pattern 4主谓双宾1 此句型的 “V” 称为双宾及物动词，其后需跟间接宾语（通常指人）和直接宾语（通常指物或事）。可接双宾语的38个常用动词：（1）.双宾语易位时需借助介词to的常用动词（共21个）：1.award sb. sth. = award sth. to sb.把某物颁奖给某人2. bring sb. sth. = bring sth. to sb.把某物带给某人3. hand sb. sth. = hand sth. to sb.把某物递给给某人4. lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb.把某物借给某人5. mail sb. sth. = mail sth. to sb.把某物寄给给某人6. offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb.把某物提供给某人7. owe sb. sth. = owe sth. to sb.欠某人某物8. pass sb. sth. = pass sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人9. pay sb. sth. = pay sth. to sb.付给某人某物（钱）10. post sb. sth. = post sth. to sb.把某物寄给某人11. read sb. sth. = read sth. to sb.把某物读给某人12. return sb. sth. = return sth. to sb.把某物还给某人13. send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb.把某物送给某人14. sell sb. sth. = sell sth. to sb.把某物卖给某人15. serve sb. sth. = serve sth. to sb.拿某物招待某人16. show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb.把某物给某人看17.take sb. sth. = take sth. to sb.把某物拿给某人18. teach sb. sth. = teach sth. to sb.教某人某物19. tell sb. sth. = tell sth. to sb.告诉某人某情况20. throw sb. sth. = throw sth. to sb.把某物扔给某人21. write sb. sth. = write sth. to sb.给某人写信（2）双宾语易位时需借助介词for的常用动词（共17个）：1.book sb. sth. = book sth. for sb. 为某人预定某物2.buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb. 为某人买某物3.choose sb. sth. = choose sth. for sb. 为某人选某物4.cook sb. sth. = cook sth. for sb. 为某人煮某物5.drawsb. sth. = draw sth. for sb. 为某人画某物6.fetchsb. sth. = fetch sth. for sb. 为某人去取某物7.find sb. sth. = find sth. for sb. 为某人找到某物8.fix sb. sth. = fix sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物9.get sb. sth. = get sth. for sb. 为某人拿来某物10.make sb. sth. = make sth. for sb. 为某人做某物11.order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb. 为某人订购某物12.pick sb. sth. = pick sth. for sb. 为某人采摘某物13.prepare sb. sth. = prepare sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物14.save sb. sth. = save sth. for sb. 为某人留某物15.sing sb. sth. = sing sth. for sb. 为某人唱某物（歌）16.spare sb. sth. = spare sth. for sb. 为某人让出某物17.steal sb. sth. = steal sth. for sb. 为某人偷某物注意：（1）、有的动词后接双宾语易位时，既可用介词to引出间接宾语，也可用介词for引出间接宾语，含义相同，如：bring， play等。 1. Bring me todays paper. = Bring todays paper to / for me. 把今天的报纸拿给我。2. He played us the record he had just bought. = He played the record he had just bought to / for us.他放了他刚买的唱片给我们听。（2）、有的动词后接的双宾语易位时，既可用介词to引出间接宾语，也可用介词for引出间接宾语，但含义不同，如leave。1. They left me no food. = They left no food for me. 他们没有给我留一点食物。2. My uncle left me a large amount of fortune. = My uncle left a large amount of fortune to me. 我叔叔死后给我留下一大笔财产。 （3）、而有的动词后接双宾语时，既不能用介词to也不能用介词for引出间接宾语，如allow，ask，cause，charge，cost，forgive，refuse等： 1. He allows his son too much money. 他给他儿子的钱太多。 2. He asked me some questions.他问了我一些问题。 3. This caused me much trouble.这给我带来了许多麻烦。 4. He charged me five dollars for a cup of tea. 他一杯茶向我要了5美元。 5. His mistake cost him his job. 他的错误让他丢了工作。 6. I envy you your good luck. 我羡慕你好运。 7. They forgave him his rudeness. 他们原谅了他的鲁莽。 8. He refused her nothing.她要什么他给什么。Pattern 5 主谓宾+宾补该句型中，谓语动词虽有宾语，但句子意义仍不完整，需加补语 补足其意义。充当宾语补语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式短语及分词等，如：We call him a fool.We found the house empty.Our neighbors built their wall high.We believe you to be an honest man.I heard them singing in the classroom.根据宾补的不同可分为以下几种情况：1. 主语+及物动词+宾语+名词。如：President appointed John manager of Marketing. 总裁任命约翰为营销部经理。常用于此句型的动词有：call, name, make, elect, appoint, nominate (提名), crown, think, consider, leave等。2. 主语+及物动词+宾语+形容词。如：The news made me happy. 那消息使我很高兴。常用于此句型的动词有：make, paint, get (ready), cut (short), set (free), keep, drive (mad), find, want, hold (responsible), wish, like, see, imagine, turn, beat (black and blue), boil (hard), suppose, prove, think, believe, consider, leave等。3. 主语+及物动词+宾语+介词短语。如：I found myself in dark. 我发现自己还蒙在鼓里。4. 主语+及物动词+宾语+不定式(现在分词或动词原形)。如：He encouraged her to work harder. 他鼓励他努力工作。He always has others wait for him. 他总是要别人等他。Dont leave the water running after you have washed your hands. 5. 主语 + 谓语 + it + 宾补 + 真正宾语。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family. 我觉得与你家人相处令人愉快。The teacher made it clear that everyone must plant more thatn 5 trees. 老师已经说得很清楚了，每个人都必须至少栽五棵树。(2)think, consider, suppose等与思想有关的实义动词。如：I think it interesting to dance 。我认为跳舞很有趣。She thinks it no point practicing so much. 她认为练习这么多没有意义。He believed it unlikely that she would agree. 他相信她不可能同意。并列句一.并列句的定义:含有两个或更多的相互并列的主谓结构的句子,叫并列句。换句话说，它是由两个或更多个并列的简单句构成的。二.识别并列句的意义:有助于做好定语从句等复合句以及分词作状语等题目,e.g.Soon they came to a farm house;_ roof was much higher than others.Soon they came to a farm house and _ roof was much higher than others.Soon they came to a farm house, _ roof was much higher than others.A. which B. whose C. that D. its三.并列句的分类：1.表示连续两个同等概念, 常用并列连词:and(和、并且), 其中and意为“和、又、而”，表示动作先后等，not only.but also.(不但而且) neither. nor.(既不又不) then 等连接,e.g.The teathers name is Smith, and the students name is John.She closed the door, then she left.2. 表示选择,常用的连词有or(或者;否则,要不然),either.or.(或者或者) otherwise（否则）等:You must tell the truth, or you will be punished. 你必须说真话,否则你将会受到惩罚。 Either you can do it by yourself, or you can ask someone else to do it. 你或者自己做,或者让别人去做。 3.表示转择,常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while,等:She is seriously ill, still there is hope of