口语发音常见错误.doc

口语发音常见错误:卷舌音身为助教的我每天都会听到大量同学上传的口语练习音频。这些练习中，不乏相当让人惊叹的好口语，当然更多的，是一些不尽标准的发音。这是很自然的，没有什么丢人的地方英语不是我们的第一语言，受自己的母语、甚至方言的影响都很正常。其他的外国人也都有他们自己的发音问题（印度、日本尤甚，咱中国人算好的了），甚至是以英语为母语的人也有自己的口音（比如苏格兰）。只要慢慢纠正、练习就好。 不过因为我们都受中文的影响，错误有一定的共通性。所以我发现并总结出了几个中国同学最容易出现的口语发音错误。在接下来的几周里，本专题会一一为大家分析、纠错、并提供相应的重点练习。希望大家在以后的口语练习中慢慢改正这些典型错误，最终练成最地道的口语，不带一点中国口音！（一）卷舌音一直以来，受影视剧集的影响，国内的英语学习者对美式英语都情有独钟。卷舌音作为美式发音的一大特色当然也广受欢迎、普遍被模仿。而在模仿的过程中，却产生了很多误会、甚至是滥用。要知道，美国人的“儿化音”也是有规律、而不是想当然地乱发的。所以今天我们就来通过一些例子为大家详细讲解，美国人的卷舌是怎么个卷法？首先有一点我们一定要铭记在心：卷舌音只会出现在单词中有R字母的时候！简而言之，看到单词里有R才卷舌，没有则千万不能卷！比如，famous（著名的），不能念成 famoursChristmas（圣诞节）, 不是 ChristmarsChina（中国）, 不是 Chinerdelicious（可口的）, 不是 deliciouersidea（主意），不是idear不过，凡事皆有例外，除了以上铁的定律以外，我们要特别注意以下两个词：Mrs.（太太） 这个单词有字母R，但不卷舌；colonel （陆军上校） 这个词没有R, 但有卷舌。这是美式英语中的两个特例，请大家牢记。另外，请大家注意区分R出现的位置。如果R与元音字母组合，它发重卷舌音；如果是出现在辅音字母以后，则发很弱的卷舌音。这二者区别甚大，要千万小心不要混淆！例：与元音组合：12ar_far car charge large smart ir_clear dear fear cheer here er_air dare pear their where or_for more door pour before ur_sure poor cure fewer er_her turn learn word firstair_tired higher liar buyer aur_hour flour shower power tower 与辅音组合 pre- prefer, pretend, previoustr- tree, three, tracedr- dress, draft, drag 最后，我们通过一段材料来练习卷舌音的发音规则，请大家做跟读练习：China is a famous place for travelling. Although its far from America, the idea of visiting was always rooted in my heart. In order to go, I learned Chinese for many years. Im sure that one day I can finally realize my dream!练得完美发音的小方法1.Listen to yourself.如果你听不到自己的发音问题，要纠正就很难了。试着把你讲的话录下来并和英语为母语的人士对比一下。 2.Slow down!很多英语学习者说话语速太快，这容易养成他们的坏习惯。每天操练一些基本语言。以单音节开始，然后单词，最后，把几个词连在一起。 3.Picture it.闭上你的眼睛，在开口说之前想一想如何发这个音。想象口型和脸部动作。 4.Get physical!发音是个形体动作。你是在教你的嘴新的发声方法和移动肌肉的方式。每天集中训练几个音。你发th的音有困难吗？将你的舌头放在齿间（不要咬住）并从口中吐气。感受气流从你的舌间吹过。 5.Watch yourself.站在镜子前查看当你发某些固定音时的嘴型，唇型和舌头的位置。和你看的其他英语节目诸如美剧，电影之类的作对比。6.Copy the experts.仔细听！听英语广播节目并看英语的电视节目和电影。（不要念字幕！）模仿你所听到的，就算你还不确定他们说的到底是什么意思。 7.Practice alone.发音的问题迟迟不能解决就是因为我们害怕犯错。第一次见面，在饭店点菜，询问方向，表演出对话内容。别害羞！ 8.Find a language buddy. 从其他人处获得反馈是非常重要的。找一个对提高英语水平同样感兴趣的朋友。试着更换录音资料，这样你就可以互相听对方的发音。 9.Be poetic. 好的发音不仅是掌握单独的音节。还是对 intonation 和 stress 的理解。大声念一些诗歌，演讲，歌曲，集中练习单词的重音和音调。 10.Sing a song!学习一些英语流行歌曲的歌词并跟着唱。唱歌能帮助你轻松地说出英语，同时也能帮助你改进语音和语调。英语国际音标及语音的基本常识-音标发音英语国际音标及语音的基本常识一、 音素 1、单元音：2、双元音：3、清、浊辅音：二、语音的基本常识 1、音节的划分一个单词的音标中有几个元音就有几个音节。2、重读音节任何双音节或多音节单词的音标中，有重读音节和非重读音节 ，哪一个音节重读，该音节的左上方或该音节的元音上方标有重读符号“”。3、浊化音以sp_, st_, sk_开头的单词清辅音/p/ /t/ /k/分别要发浊辅音/b/ /d/ /g/。4、定冠词the的读音e.g. the manc.f. the old man5、不完全爆破爆破音p b t d k g 后面紧跟另一个爆破音时，前面的那个爆破音只在口腔内形成阻碍，而不能完全读出。e.g. basketball the part of the earth 6、连读在一个短语或句子中，如果相邻两词的关系相等密切，而前一个词以辅音结尾，后一个词以元音开头，辅音和元素连在一起读。7、意群的停顿 对于一个较长的句子，可以根据意思和结构将其划分成几群,一个意群必须一口气说完。关于英语语感培养的几点思考前段时间与同事讨论,谈到学生语音语调的问题,都感到孩子普遍缺乏英语语感,他们的听说话动中的语音的轻重缓急,语调的抑扬顿挫几乎没有,由此在听说内容时不能很好的表现出相应的情感,体验等.因为语感是建立在听说基础上的,但语感又高于听说活动,因此鉴于语感是对语言内涵的感受与体验的一种外在表现,所以在小学英语教学中我从以下几方面着手,设法有意识地结合听,说,读,写训练,不断进行学生的英语语感培养. 一,挖掘教学内容,领悟语感. 语感是建立在一定语言内容的基础上的,小学英语的语感训练在语音,词句,会话等教学活动中自然有机地进行. 1, 在语音教学中渗透语感 语音教学我觉得应是小学启蒙阶段的重要任务.因此,我在语音教学时,通过把好语音关,从而渗透语感.如在字母和音标教学中,引导学生找规律,让学生注意音标发音的细微差别,将近音字母编成绕口令,希望通过绕口令和谐的音调,明快的节奏给学生以美的感受,自然地渗透语感. 2, 在词句教学中深化语感 在单词教学中,我让学生利用已学的音标和拼读方法,先试读,在必要时给予纠正,来提高学生的拼读能力.教词时,将升,降调一起教给学生,遇到双音节以上的单词时,提醒学生注意重音,使学生养成习惯,以便在读语句或会话时,语调升,降比较自然流畅. 句子是能表达比较完整的意思的语言单位.人们在用句话表述一个意思的同时,会自然地融入自己的喜怒哀乐等情感,于是同一句话用不同的语气,采用不同的表达方式,便产生不同的句意.所以在句子教学中培养学生的语感是行之有效的.在句子教学中,不是单纯强调句子语调的升降,句子重音,词语的连续等语法逻辑处理,还要加入人的思想情感.如教学:How do you do 除了要求读起来连贯,流畅并用降调外,还应加入自己的感受,要表现出与他人第一次见面时的喜悦与兴奋之情,从而深化语感. 3, 在会话教学中提高语感 语言是交际的工具,外语教学的目的要培养学生创造性地,有目的地运用外语进行交际的能力.因此,我在自身教学时始终努力让学生在用中学,传递给学生语言的交际的思想.交际功能是语言最本质的社会功能,培养小学生用外语进行简单交际的能力,必须从理解内容和提高学生语感入手,会话教学是最直接,最有效的形式.在会话教学中,设计各种情景让学生充分地说,尽情地表现.并且,每单元都流出表演时间,让学生自社情景,加入动作,表情和实物,进行充分交谈,以求增加会话容量,提高学生的语感. 我想以上只是培养学生语感的一些方法,在教学中我要继续总结经验,寻求更多途径强化学生的语感优美的有声英语散文Genius at Work 天才在工作 If I were a Boy Again 假如我又回到了童年 如果世界是个一百人的村落 Love Your Life 热爱生活 Love 爱情 Self-Awareness 自我意识 The Flight of Youth 青春的飞逝 The Cobbler and the Banker 皮匠和银行家 The Life I Desired 我所追求的生活 The More Loving One 让我们成为更有爱心的人 The Rainy Day 雨天 These Things Shall Never Die 这些美好不会消逝 Think it Over好好想想 Virtue 美德 Words to Live by 生活的忠告 A Forever Friend 永远的朋友 A Grain of Sand 一粒沙子 A Greek to Remember 一位值得纪念的希腊人 A Psalm of Life 人生礼颂 Discovery 发现 Friends 朋友 英语语音(English Pronunciation)-1、关于语音的几个概念 1) 字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u.2) 音标：词的语音形式。3) 音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。4) 音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。apple, student, teacher, understand.5) 元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。6) 辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。7) 开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike；b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi.8) 闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup； b)元音+辅音it.9) 重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。2、元音：（注意：下面空方括号是电脑无法输入的音标）1) i: sea, he, see, piece, ceiling 2) i sit, build, miss, myth 3) e bed, desk, head, 4) A bad, land, bank, stamp 5) a: car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt 6) C hot, want 7) C: door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught 8) u: good, who, blue, soup, 9) u look, put, women, could 10) Q cup, come, blood, rough 11) : girl, work, serve, nurse 12) cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday 13) ei cake, they, play, eight, great, 14) ai bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye 15) u phone, cold, boat, soul, grow 16) au house, town 17) Ri boy, oil 18) i dear, idea, deer, here, fierce, 19) pear, care, there, fair 20) u tour, poor,3、容易混淆的元音1) e bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land 2) i: ei real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid 3) e ai bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide 4) au R: house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause 5) au R found fond; gown gone; down don4、辅音1) p pen, 2) b bed, comb 3) t tell, 4) d, day, played, wanted 5) k cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box 6) g big, go, guess, language 7) m man 8) n nine, knife, autumn 9) N bank, uncle, English, sing, 10) l land, world 阿11) r read, write, 12) f five, cough, laugh 13) v voice, of 14) W think, 15) T this, bathe 16) s sit, miss, science, case, scarf 17) z zoo, close, 18) F sure, she, social, nation 19) V pleasure, 20) h hot, who, hour 21) w wall, what, answer 22) j yes 23) tF child, teach, catch 24) dV joke, bridge, 25) ts boats 26) dz goods 27) tr tree 28) dr dream5、容易混淆的辅音1) v w vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well 2) s sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math 3) z T closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes 4) n N thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang 6、读音规则1) 重读音节（见元音和辅音的例句）2) 非重读音节 banana, student, today, after,i orange, secret, evening, very, Monday 7、特殊读音1) 音的连读：not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all2) 失去爆破：good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme3) 音的同化：this year, Would you do it? Cant you see it?8、重音1)单词重音A)双音节词a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter, sorryb)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音。about, believe, address, decide, report, condemn, respect, compare, inform, discuss, impress, mistake, enforce, prepare, employ, permit, escape, produce, exclaim,translate c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节上，其它的词性在第二个音节上。record, record; insult, insult; conduct, conduct; present present; content, content d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词，有两个重音。outside, retell, well-known, unreal, fifteen, Chinese, pre-war, post-war B)多音节词a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。difficult, communist, family, economy, opportunity,democracy. b)有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。carefully, indefinite, comfortable, conductor, according, disturbance, complicated,establishment, c)词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。courteous, calligraphy, editorial, historian, periodic, mathematics, experience,sufficient, identify, translation, religious, curiosity, protective d)词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音。entertain, employee, mountaineer, Japanese, cigarette 2)句子重音A) 英语的节奏：（轻）-轻-重-轻-（轻）或重-轻-（轻）（轻）重B) 英语句子的长短：是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的，而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。C) 实词重读（副词重读），虚词轻读(冠词，单音节介词，单音节连词，人称代词，反代词，物主代词，关系代词，相互代词，助动词，情态动词和系动词be.D) 实词不重读的特殊情况a) 实词第二次出现He thinks of that as a child thinks. b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰I met her in the railway station. c) 代替词Which book do you want? The small one. d) 感叹词中的 what 和howWhat a good day it is! How beautiful she is! e) street 在专有名词中Wangfujing Street.f) this在这些短语中，this morning/afternoon/eveningE)虚词重读的特殊情况a) 情态动词，助动词和系动词be在句首，句尾和否定时。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I dont like you. He isnt a worker. b) 情态动词表示可能，惊奇和肯定时。They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room. c) 介词在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with. d) 引导复合句的连词在句首。If you wish, Ill visit you. When he comes, Ill tell him. e)反身代词表示强调。He couldnt come himself. 英语绕口令She sells seashells on the seashore.And the shells she sells are seashells, I am sure.cause if she sells shell at the seashore,The shells sells are seashells, for sure.A big black bug bit the back of a big black bear.The big black bear bit back the big black bug.Robert Rolly rolled a round roll round.If Robert Rolly rolled a round roll round,Where is the round roll,Robert Rolly rolled around?Ann sent Andy ten hens and Andy sent Ann ten pens.Cat, Cat, catch that fat rat.Sally always suffers from sea-sickness when she is at sea.Surely the sun shall shine soon.The hunter and his huge horse hide behind in house.Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.Jack had a rat; Sam had a cat.Sams cat ate Jacks rat.Jack asked Sam to pay for his rat.Sam said, Ill give you my cat for your rate.Good morning to all who walk,Good morning to all who crawl;Good morning to all who soar,Or swim, good morning, I call.To broad and to small to short and to tall;Good morning, good morning to all.The little addled adder added ads.All Als sly allies lie.John, where had had had had, had had had had had had his masters approval.A big bug hit a bold bald bear and the bold bald bear bled blood badly.Blake the baker bakers black bread.Betty Block blows big black bubbles.A bachelor botched a batch of badly baked biscuits.Bess is the best backward blue-blowing bugler in the Boston brass band.Brught bloom the blossoms on the brooks bare brown banks.A cup of proper coffee in a copper coffee cup.You cross a cross across a cross, or stick a cross across a cross.If you must cross a coarse cross cow across a crowded-cow crossing, cross the cross coarse cow across the crowded=cow crossing carefully.The drummers drummed and the strummers strummed.Can a flying fish flee far from a free fish fry?Fancy Nancy did not fancy doing fancy work. But fancy Nancys fancy auntie did fancy Nancy doing fancy work.The glum groom grew glummer.Hatches, catches, matches and dispatches.He kisses the misses and she misses the kisses.He who laughs last laughs best.No pains, no gains. No cross, no crown; No gall, no glory.There is no need to light a night light on a light night like tonight; for a night lights just a slight light.Peter Potter splattered a plate of peas on Pat ty Platts pink plaid pants.Soldiers shoulders shudder when shrill shells shriek.Small, smart snakes smelling smoked steaks.Six sharp sharks seek small snacks, so swim, Sam, swim!If silly Sally will shilly-shally, shall silly Willy willy-nilly shilly-shally, too?Thick ticks think thin ticks are sick.How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood? He would chuck the wood as much as he could if a woodchuck could chuck wood.Shallow sailing ships should shun shallow shoals.Selected from English Tongue Twisters by He GaodaMore TwistersSix sick slick slim sycamore saplings. A box of biscuits, a batch of mixed biscuits A skunk sat on a stump and thunk the stump stunk,but the stump thunk the skunk stunk. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.Did Peter Piper pick a peck of pickled peppers?If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,wheres the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked? Red lorry, yellow lorry, red lorry, yellow lorry. Unique New York. Betty Botter had some butter,But, she said, this butters bitter.If I bake this bitter butter,it would make my batter bitter.But a bit of better butter-that would make my batter better.So she bought a bit of butter,better than her bitter butter,and she baked it in her batter,and the batter was not bitter.So twas better Betty Botterbought a bit of better butter. Six thick thistle sticks. Six thick thistles stick. Is this your sisters sixth zither, sir? A big black bug bit a big black bear,made the big black bear bleed blood. The sixth sick sheiks sixth sheeps sick. Toy boat. Toy boat. Toy boat. One smart fellow, he felt smart.Two smart fellows, they felt smart.Three smart fellows, they all felt smart. Pope Sixtus VIs six texts. I slit the sheet, the sheet I slit, and on the slitted sheet I sit. She sells sea shells by the sea shore.The shells she sells are surely seashells.So if she sells shells on the seashore,Im sure she sells seashore shells. Mrs. Smiths Fish Sauce Shop. Surely Sylvia swims! shrieked Sammy, surprised.Someone should show Sylvia some strokes so she shall not sink. A Tudor who tooted a flutetried to tutor two tooters to toot.Said the two to their tutor,Is it harder to tootor to tutor two tooters to toot? Shy Shelly says she shall sew sheets. Three free throws. I am not the pheasant plucker,Im the pheasant pluckers mate.I am only plucking pheasantscause the pheasant pluckers running late. Sams shop stocks short spotted socks. A flea and a fly flew up in a flue.Said the flea, Let us fly!Said the fly, Let us flee!So they flew through a flaw in the flue. Knapsack straps. Which wristwatches are Swiss wristwatches? Lesser leather never weathered wetter weather better. A bitter biting bitternBit a better brother bittern,And the bitter better bitternBit the bitter biter back.And the bitter bittern, bitten,By the better bitten bittern,Said: Im a bitter biter bit, alack! Inchworms itching. A noisy noise annoys an oyster. The myth of Miss Muffet. Mr. See owned a saw.And Mr. Soar owned a seesaw.Now Sees saw sawed Soars seesawBefore Soar saw See,Which made Soar sore.Had Soar seen Sees sawBefore See sawed Soars seesaw,Sees saw would not have sawedSoars seesaw.So Sees saw sawed Soars seesaw.But it was sad to see Soar so soreJust because Sees saw sawedSoars seesaw! Friendly Frank flips fine flapjacks. Vincent vowed vengence very vehemently. Cheap ship trip. I cannot bear to see a bearBear down upon a hare.When bare of hair he strips the hare,Right there I cry, Forbear! Lovely lemon liniment. Gerties great-grandma grew aghast at Gerties grammar. Tim, the thin twin tinsmith Fat frogs flying past fast. I need not your needles, theyre needless to me;For kneading of noodles, twere needless, you see;But did my neat knickers but need to be kneed,I then should have need of your needles indeed. Flee from fog to fight flu fast! Greek grapes. The boot black bought the blac k boot back. How much wood would a woodchuck chuckif a woodchuck could chuck wood?He would chuck, he would, as much as he could,and chuck as much wood as a woodchuck wouldif a woodchuck could chuck wood. We surely shall see the sun shine soon. Moose noshing much mush. Ruby Rugbys brother bought and brought herback some rubber baby-buggy bumpers. Sly Sam slurps Sallys soup. My dame hath a lame tame crane,My dame hath a crane that is lame. Six short slow shepherds. A tree toad loved a she-toadWho lived up in a tree.He was a two-toed tree toadBut a three-toed toad was she.The two-toed tree toad tried to winThe three-toed she-toads heart,For the two-toed tree toad loved the groundThat the three-toed tree toad trod.But the two-toed tree toad tried in vain.He couldnt please her whim.From her tree toad bowerWith her three-toed powerThe she-toad vetoed him. Which witch wished which wicked wish? Old oily Ollie oils old oily autos. The two-twenty-two train tore through the tunnel. Silly Sally swiftly shooed seven silly sheep.The seven silly sheep Silly Sally shooedshilly-shallied south.These sheep shouldnt sleep in a shack;sheep should sleep in a shed. Twelve twins twirled twelve twigs. Three gray geese in the green grass grazing.Gray were the geese and green was the grass. Many an anemone sees an enemy anemone. Nine nice night nurses nursing nicely. Peggy Babcock. Youve no need to light a night-lightOn a light night like tonight,For a night-lights lights a slight light,And tonights a night thats light.When a nights light, like tonights light,It is really not quite rightTo light night-lights with their slight lightsOn a light night like tonight. Black bugs blood. Flash message! Say this sharply, say this sweetly,Say this shortly, say this softly.Say this sixteen times in succession. Six sticky sucker sticks. If St