8. numeral.doc

第八章数词一、数词概述表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫做数词。英语的数词可以分为基数词和序数词。用于计数的数词叫基数词，如two, fifteen, thousand等。用于表示位置或顺序的数词叫序数词，如first, second, eighteenth等。二、基本基数词（一）基数词表示法：1.基数词中112是独立单词，1319的基数词以后缀-teen结尾，2090八十个整十位数词以后缀-ty结尾。如：thirteen, fifteen, forty2. 表示其他两位数词，十位数与个位数之间需用连字符号：“-”。如：twenty-three, seventy-five3. 百位数与十位数之间，在英国要用 and连接，在美国一般不用。如：3456 three thousand four hundred (and) fifty-six（二）英语中“万”的表示法：英语数词无“万”这个单位，用英语表达“4万”、“50万”等时要利用thousand:40个千(forty thousand),500个千(five hundred thousand).汉语有“亿”字，而英语则没有，用英语表达“1亿”、“10亿”要用million（百万）：100个百万（one hundred million），1000个百万(one thousand million)。百万以上的数，英美表示法有所不同，如下所列：汉语美国表示法英国表示法10亿a billiona (one) thousand million兆a trilliona billion（三）在英语中，可以使用基数词表示年代、时刻、书页、住所、房间、教室、电话号码等。例如：1982 nineteen eighty-two, nineteen hundred and eighty-two1980s(1980s) nineteen eighties350B.C.(B. C. 350) three fifty B.C43A.D.(A. D. 43) forty-three A. D.10月1日 October 1 (October 1st/Oct.1/1 Oct./1st October/lst of October）1981年5月10日 May 10th, 1981 (10th May, 1981/May 10, 1981/10 May 1981/May (the) tenth, nineteen eighty-one）第3页 Page three (P.3)Room 206 Room two O six邮政编码 210094 Post code (zip code) 210094亨利八世 Henry VIII (Henry the Eighth)telephone number 6602328 six six O, two three two, eight559 five, five nine (double five nine)三、基本序数词（一）序数词表示法1.一般序数词的形式序数词中除了前三个（first, second, third）形式特殊以外，其余序数词都以-th结尾。例如：forth, sixth, tenth等。但 fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth的拼写有变化。2.以-ty结尾的基数词如何变成序数词以-ty结尾的基数词构成序数词时，需将-y改为-i再加-eth。例如:twentieth, thirtieth等。3.两位数的基数词如何变成序数词两位数的基数词变为序数词时，只需将个位数变成序数词，十位数不变。例如：twenty-one；twenty-first, sixty-five；sixty-fifth。（二）序数词的缩写序数词的缩写形式，由阿拉伯数字加序数词最后两个字母构成。例如：firstlst, second2nd, third3rd, eightieth80th。四、数词的句法作用数词可在句中用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如：Five from nine leaves four. 9-5=4Pass me the fourth. 把第四个给我。Two times nine is eighteen.29=18The twentieth century is another vigorous period for economy.20世纪是经济又一个蓬勃发展的时期。五、倍数、分数、小数与百分数的表示法（一）倍数的表示法A)表示倍数的常用方法The Wrights Kitty Hawk Flyer had weighed 605 pounds, seven times the weight of Moodys powered glider.莱特兄弟的“雏鹰”号飞机重605磅，相当于穆迪动力滑翔机重量的7倍。The top speed of the jet plane is twice as great as an ordinary one.喷气式飞机的最高航速是普通飞机的2倍。The volume of the plastic container is three times that of the metal one.塑料容器的容积是金属的3倍。That modern airport is five times larger than the old one.现代化的飞机场是老飞机场的5倍大。B)倍数表示法中的常用名词；在倍数表示法中，常用的名词有：amount, height, length, level, number, weight, output, size, value, etc.The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月亮大小的49倍。This river is twice the length of that river.这条河比那条河长1倍。C)表示倍数增减的方法；表示倍数增加的常用动词有：increase, go up, speed up, step up, raise，etc.表示倍数减少的常用动词有：decrease, reduce, drop, fall, go down, sink, etc.This year the consumption of coal has increased by 62 per cent as compared with that of last year.今年同去年相比耗煤量增加62。The production of high-precision machine has gone up by 20 to 30 per cent since last year.自去年以来精密机床的产量增加了20到30。The total consumption of nature gas in this city has decreased to 300,000 tons.这座城市天然气的总消耗量下降到30万吨。The members in the factory have dropped to 1,000.这座工厂的人员减少到1，000名。D)表示倍数的其它方法；表示倍数也可用double, triple, quadruple, fold等词，如：The top-brand shirts are often sold at double the normal price here.这里名牌衬衫售价经常比正常价高1倍。The height of this tree is quadruple of that tree.这棵树4倍于那棵树的高度。（二）分数的表示法表示分数时，分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子如是1以上，分母用复数形式。如：1/2读作 a /one half.1/3读作 a /one third.3/4读作 three quarters; three fourths.31/100读作 thirty-one hundredths（三）小数的表示法小数点读point,零读O，zero或nought/naught；小数点以后的数按个位基数词依次读出，如：0.8读作zero/nought point eight.1.25读作one point two five.0.007读作(naught) point naught naught seven; zero point zero zero seven.（四）百分数的表示法百分号 读作 per cent.3读作 three per cent.0.8读作 (naught) point eight per cent.100读作 a /one hundred per cent.六、数学算式表示法关于加、减、乘、除算式的读法：1+4=5读作One plus four equals five.10-5=5读作Ten minus five is five.88=64读作Eight multiplied by eight is sixty-four.246=4读作Twenty-four divided by six is four.Note：“加”可用and表示，如：two and two are four. 2+2=4“减”可用from表示，如Two from five leaves three. 5-2=3 46=24可用Four sixes are twenty-four或Four times six is twenty-four表示。“除”可用into表示，如Four into twenty-four goes six. 244=6七、比例、乘方与开方的表示法9:3 读作the ratio of nine to three.16:4=4读作The ratio of sixteen to four equals four.The square root of nine is three.九的平方根是三。The cubic root of twenty-seven is three.二十七的立方根是三。Seventeen minus the square root of nine, plus sixty-five over five, minus four times three, equals fifteen.十七与九的平方根的差加上六十五除以五的商的和，减去四与三的积，等于十五。表示面积常用by，如说一个房间的面积是15英尺10英尺，应说fifteen feet by ten feet；如房间为六英尺见方，则可说six feet by six feet,也可以说six feet square,其总面积为thirty-six square feet。八、币制表示法关于英国币制的说法见下列各例：1P即1便士读作one P 或one penny3英镑86便士读作three pounds eighty-six pence关于美国币制的说法见下列各例：1美分读作one cent或one penny1美元25美分读作one dollar twenty-five或one twenty-five美国硬币除penny外，还有nickel (=five cents), dime (=ten cents), quarter(=twenty-five cents), half-dollar (=fifty cents)等等。九、时刻表示法(at) eight oclock 或(at) eight a.m/am （在）上午8时five to（美国用of）eight p.m./pm 下午8时差5分(a) quarter past（美国用after）seven a.m./am 上午7时1刻(a) quarter to（美国用 of） four p.m./pm 下午4时差1刻7:00(seven), 7:20 (seven twenty) 美式 7时, 7时20分 7.00, 7.20英式 7时, 7时20分 08:00（或08.00）zero eight hundred hours 8时22:15（或22.15）twenty-two fifteen 22时15分 Note:用了a.m.或p.m.便不能再用oclock,不能说at 7 oclock a.m. 。a.m.和p.m.前用数字，不用文字表示时刻，说8:15a.m.，不说a quarter past eight a.m.。不说出钟点时不能用a.m.或p.m.，不说tomorrow p.m.，要说tomorrow afternoons。a.m.(before noon)和p.m.(after noon)在标题或时间表中可大写为A.M.和P.M.。“零点”用zero hours, zero hour或 0 hundred hours表示。past （过）和to（差）一般限制在30分钟之内。例如：forty past six（误） twenty to seven （正）7点差20分forty to six（误） twenty past five（正）5点20分Exercises1. _ martyrs have heroically laid down their lives for the people.A. Thousands upon thousand ofB. Thousand and thousands ofC. Thousands upon thousands ofD. Thousand and thousand of2. They received _ of letters about their TV programmes.A. dozenB. dozen and dozenC. scoreD. dozens3. Who is that man, _ in the front row?A. oneB. the peopleC. firstD. the first4. We have produced _ this year as we did in 1993.A. as much cotton twiceB. as twice much cottonC. much as twice cottonD. twice as much cotton5. The earth is about _ as the moon.A. as fifty time bigB. fifty times as bigC. as big fifty timeD. fifty as times big6. The population of many Alaskan cities has _ in the past three years.A. more than doubledB. more doubled thanC. much than doubledD. much doubled than7. The moon is about _ in diameter as the earth.A. one-three as largeB. one three as largeC. one third as largeD. one-third as large8. Five hundred yuan a month _ enough to live on.A. isB. areC. is beingD. has been9. _ of the buildings were ruined.A. Three fourthB. Three fourC. Three fourthsD. Three-four10. Consult _ for questions about earthquakes.A. the six indexB. index sixC. sixth indexD. index numbering six11. Geometry, _ I know nothing, seems a very dull subject.A. thatB. about thatC. whichD. about which12. Three fourths of the surface of the earth _ covered with water.A. areB. isC. wereD. be13. This month the production of stainless steel in our steelworks has increased _ 2,000 tons.A. withB. inC. onD. by14. With the miniaturization of the structural components the weight of these electric devices has decreased _ 30 percent.A. asB. withC. inD. by15. The Olympic Games are held _.A. every fo