PREP cr1详解(3M修改版).doc

Practice Test #1 Critical Reasoning (72 Questions)1.(24179-!-item-!-188;#058&000705)Although fullerenes-spherical molecules made entirely of carbon-were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite. Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure, this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earths crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?推理过程：fullerenes在实验室和自然环境中都存在 因为laboratory synthesis of fullerenes要求distinctive conditions，因此可以用来推断自然中形成fullerenes的地壳的状态。推理是由实验可以推自然状态，答案一定要讲实验和自然联系到一起(A) Confirming that the shungite genuinely contained fullerenes took careful experimentation.只是说确定自然中含有fullerenes需要认真实验，属于说东道西(B) Some fullerenes have also been found on the remains of a small meteorite that collided with a spacecraft.说别的东西上也有fullerenes和文章推理无关，属于无关新变量(其实B选项改一下就可以是正确答案：fullerenes can also be found on the remains of meteorites,在外星形成，跟地球无关)只是说相撞，没说掉到地球上的陨石，更不清楚这个meteorite是不是地球飞出来的(C) The mineral shungite itself contains large amounts of carbon, from which the fullerenes apparently formed.只是说fullerenes怎样形成的，没有把实验和自然建立联系，属于说东道西(D) The naturally occurring fullerenes are arranged in a previously unknown crystalline structure.正确，关键词unknown说明在实验室是不可知的，所以无法用实验推自然，虽然都是S，但是两个S不同，所以属于否定A型削弱(E) Shungite itself is formed only under distinctive conditions.文章说fullerenes，Shungite只是fullerenes存在的一个载体，和结论无关属于说东道西2.(24227-!-item-!-188;#058&000711)Economist: On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000. A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly persons chances of falling. Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.老年人摔跤治疗要花费$11,000，有一个项目可以减少摔跤机会，但是要花费$12,500，所以这个项目并不好文章推理：因为项目成本高，所以不好Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion of the argument?(A) Among elderly people who had followed the program for only a few months, the number of serious falls reported was higher than it was for people who had followed the program for its recommended minimum length of one year.比较参加项目时间长短，和推理无关，属于搭错车，无关比较(B) Falls resulting in serious injuries are less common among elderly people living in nursing homes than they are among elderly people who live alone at home.把不同地方的老年人对比，和成本无关，属于无关比较(C) A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not counted among the average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly peoples injuries from such falls.正确说到了关键点cost，之前的$11,000中并不包含治疗疼痛的医疗费，如果加上可能成本会更高超过参加项目。他因反对结论(D) The new therapeutic program focuses on therapies other than medication, since overmedication can cause disorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person will have a serious fall.只是说过度的medication可以导致不协调造成更多的摔跤，并且这个项目关注medication以外的东西。属于模凌两可，因为不知道medication以外的东西是不是就是好的。这个选项具有迷惑性 (E) A significant portion of the cost of the new therapeutic program is represented by regular visits by health care professionals, the costs of which tend to increase more rapidly than do those of other elements of the program.费用可能还会涨，是属于support3.(24275-!-item-!-188;#058&000768)The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters. Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups. The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.Voles秋冬季的家庭规模大，春秋季家庭规模要小，原因是幼鼠季节性的死亡文章推理：幼鼠季节性死亡导致春秋家庭规模小Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the explanation offered?(A) It is in the spring and early summer that prairie vole communities generally contain the highest proportion of young voles.文章讨论幼鼠的数量和家庭规模的关系，和幼鼠的百分比无关，说东道西(B) Prairie vole populations vary dramatically in size from year to year.只是简单重复前提，和幼鼠无关，重复前提(C) The prairie vole subsists primarily on broad-leaved plants that are abundant only in spring.加强无效，首先和幼鼠死亡无关，并且只说春季没有提到秋季。无关他因(D) Winters in the prairie voles habitat are often harsh, with temperatures that drop well below freezing.说东道西，结论要推幼鼠死亡和春秋季家庭规模的关系，和冬季无关，也属于偷换集合(E) Snakes, a major predator of young prairie voles, are active only from spring through early autumn.正确，他因直接加强结论4.(24323-!-item-!-188;#058&000813)A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there. Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived, their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.背景环境是海滩上有喂养海豚项目。结果，成年海豚健康长寿但是小海豚寿命比野生喂养短Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the lower life expectancy of offspring of dolphins feeding at the beach compared to other young dolphins?(A) Sharks that prey on dolphins are less common in the open seas off the beach than in many other areas of the open seas where dolphins congregate.in many other areas of the open seas并没有把海滩独立出来，并且鲨鱼应该会对成年海豚也有影响。不能解释矛盾，并且文章并没有标明feed exclusively in the wild.就是open seas off the beach，属于无关比较(B) Many of the adult dolphins that feed at the beach are females that nurse their offspring there.并不能说明小海豚死亡率高，也没有进行核野外的比较，说东道西(C) The fish given to the dolphins at the beach are the same types of fish that dolphins typically catch in the wild.无差别更应该相同，架桥错误(D) Many dolphins that feed at the beach with their offspring come to the beach only a few times a month.和一个月几次没有关系，没有进行比较，说东道西(E) Adult dolphins that feed at the beach spend much less time teaching their offspring how to catch fish in the wild than do other adult dolphins.正确，解释了成年海豚和小海豚之间的一个关系，并且和野外联系在一起5.(24371-!-item-!-188;#058&000859)Tiger sharks are common in the waters surrounding Tenare Island. Usually tiger sharks feed on smaller sharks, but sometimes they have attacked tourists swimming and surfing at Tenares beaches. This has hurt Tenares tourism industry, which is second only to its fishing industry in annual revenues. In order to help the economy, therefore, the mayor of the island has proposed an ongoing program to kill any tiger sharks within a mile of the beaches.因为虎鲨吃人，所以影响了旅游业，旅游业是继渔业的第二收入来源，为了恢复经济，所以要在海滩附近灭鲨。文章推理：通过海滩灭鲨来保护经济Which of the following, if true, most strongly calls into question the likelihood that implementation of the mayors proposal will have the desired consequence?(A) Even if not all the tiger sharks that come close to the beaches are killed, the existence of the program would reassure tourists.not all the tiger sharks有偷换概念，反对前提的嫌疑，并且不是削弱(B) Business owners who depend on tourism are willing to pay most of the cost of implementing the program.和经济所有者是否付钱无关，说东道西(C) Tourists come to Tenare Island for its beaches, even though the island features a number of other tourist attractions.和旅游者的目的没有关系，没有和经济挂钩，说东道西(D) The small sharks on which tiger sharks prey feed on fish that are commercially important to the islands fisheries.正确，说虎鲨吃掉小鲨鱼，小鲨鱼吃鱼，这些鱼也是经济基础，如果没有了虎鲨也就没有了鱼。他因反对结论(E) Not all tourists who come to Tenare Island enjoy swimming or surfing.和旅行者的喜好无关，说东道西6.(24419-!-item-!-188;#058&000892)The country of Ertland has never imported apples in any significant quantity because consumers there generally prefer the unique texture of Ertland-grown apples. Nevertheless, apple growers from Kosolia, a neighboring country, plan to sell their apples in Ertland by selling Kosolia-grown apples at half the price of local apples and promoting them as a nourishing, low-cost alternative.E不会进口苹果，因为E的消费者选择E自己的独特的苹果的特点。而K想要在E销售K种植的苹果。他们通过降价使得K苹果成为很好的替代品。文章推理：降价推出有市场Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt on the viability of the plan by Kosolias apple growers to sell their apples in Ertland?(A) Most of the varieties of apples grown in Ertland were originally derived from common Kosolian varieties.结论讨论价格和市场的关系，跟E苹果的来源无关。说东道西(B) Consumers in Ertland tend to spend about the same proportion of their income on fresh fruits and vegetables as do consumers in Kosolia.无关比较，和在苹果上花多少钱无关(C) At times in the past, Ertland has exported significant quantities of apples to Kosolia.At times in the past时间概念错误，文章讨论现在，和以前无关，并且和是否曾经出口也无关，结论讨论价格(D) Some varieties of apples grown in Kosolia can be harvested throughout most of the year, whereas the varieties grown in Ertland can be harvested only during two months of the year.有加强的嫌疑，K生产多，可以降价，E生产少，没有降价的空间。(E) Profiles of Ertland-grown apples are high enough in Ertland that growers, wholesalers, and retailers there could easily afford to reduce the price at which these apples are sold.正确，E的苹果也可以降价，所以K的降价无效果。断桥7.(24651-!-item-!-188;#058&001089)As part of major renovations to Flowertowns Main Street train station, consultants to the train company proposed moving the stations entrance from its current valuable Main Street location to a low-rent adjoining side street and then leasing the high-rent entrance space to retail businesses. In that way, the train company could easily pay for those and all other proposed renovations without negative impact on its tight budget.火车站要改革，咨询建议将入口从昂贵的中心街道转移到租金较为便宜的交叉路口，并且把中心街道租出去变成零售部，这样可以更容易的支付，并且不用对票价影响文章推理：地点转移可以带来经济效益Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support the consultants proposal?(A) More train commuters are employed in businesses located on Main Street than in businesses located on the adjoining side street.带来负面效应，因为大多数旅客在中心街道附近，可能使得乘坐列车的人变少。削弱(B) A reliable survey of Flowertowns commuters showed that virtually none of them would use the train any less frequently if the stations entrance were moved.正确，已经强调是可靠调查，乘客不会因为迁址而减少，所以不会有这方面的经济损失(C) The high-rent block of Flowertowns Main Street includes several buildings whose owners currently seek to replace long-standing tenants lost in recent months.和火车站的经济效益无关，属于无关新变量(D) If the stations entrance were moved, the train company would need to begin costly renovations to its Main Street entrance space.削弱，因为中心街区还要花钱(E) Ridership on Flowertown trains declined only slightly from 1970 to 1985 while other train companies lost large numbers of commuters.和其他公司没有关系，无关比较8.(24701-!-item-!-188;#058&001125)Automobile Dealers Advertisement:The Highway Traffic Safety Institute reports that the PZ 1000 has the fewest injuries per accident of any car in its class. This shows that the PZ 1000 is one of the safest cars available today.文章推理：因为PZ 1000有最小的事故受伤率，所以今天他是最安全的Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument in the advertisement?(A) The Highway Traffic Safety Institute report listed many cars in other classes that had more injuries per accident than did the PZ 1000.加强，说其他车受伤率高，更加说明PZ 1000安全(B) In recent years many more PZ 1000s have been sold than have any other kind of car in its class.无关比较，安全与否和受伤率是相对概念，卖了多少车是绝对概念(C) Cars in the class to which the PZ 1000 belongs are more likely to be involved in accidents than are other types of cars.正确，指明文章推理缺陷，受伤率不能说明车安全，如果经常发生事故，就算受伤率少，也不安全文章只是说平均事故受伤率低，但是如果事故本身多的话受伤的人也会比较多(D) The difference between the number of injuries per accident for the PZ 1000 and that for other cars in its class is quite pronounced.和事故不同点没有关系，结论讨论安全与否(E) The Highway Traffic Safety Institute issues reports only once a year.和报告频率没有关系9.(24749-!-item-!-188;#058&001426)Scientists are discussing ways to remove excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by increasing the amount that is absorbed by plant life. One plan to accomplish this is to establish giant floating seaweed farms in the oceans. When the seaweed plants die, they will be disposed of by being burned for fuel.通过增加吸收二氧化碳的植物来减少空气中的二氧化碳。有一种方法是种植海藻，等海藻死了可以燃烧作燃料。文章推理：海藻可以减少二氧化碳Which of the following, if true, would indicate the most serious weakness in the plan above?(A) Some areas of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere do not contain sufficient nutrients to support large seaweed farms.反对前提，前提已经说了可以种植。(B) When a seaweed plant is burned, it releases an amount of carbon dioxide comparable to the amount it has absorbed in its lifetime.他因反对结论，虽然海藻可以吸收二氧化碳，但是它燃烧得时候二氧化碳又释放出来了(C) Even if seaweed farms prove effective, some people will be reluctant to switch to this new fuel.和结论是否减少空气中的二氧化碳无关(D) Each year about seven billion tons of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere but only about five billion tons are absorbed by plant life.只是在描述一个事实，和海藻计划无关，虽然没有完全消除，但也说明海藻计划是可以减轻含量的(E) Seaweed farms would make more money by farming seaweed to sell as nutritional supplements than by farming seaweed to sell as fuel.和海藻用途无关，并没有提到关键词二氧化碳10.(25259-!-item-!-188;#058&001774)Jennifer: Video rental outlets in Centerville together handled 10,000 fewer video rentals in 1994 than in 1993. The decline in rentals was probably due almost entirely to the February 1994 opening of Videorama, the first and only video rental outlet in the area that, in addition to renting videos, also sold them cheaply.Brad: There must be another explanation: as you yourself said, the decline was on the order of 10,000 rentals. Yet Videorama sold only 4,000 videos in 1994.J说Video renta1994比1993少了10,000，主要原因是Videorama出现，它不但租借，还便宜的售卖B反驳说，一定还有其他的原因，因为Video renta1994比1993少了10,000，但是Videorama只卖了4,000。Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the force of the objection that Brad presents to Jennifers explanation?注意，要反驳B对J的反驳。B的论断是还有其他的原因，要反驳也就是说没有其他的原因了，就是因为Videorama(A) In 1994 Videorama rented out more videos than it sold.只说Videorama租的比卖的多不能说明租的加卖的超过10000，如果不超过还是说明有其他原因。模棱两可(B) In 1994 two new outlets that rent but that do not sell videos opened in Centerville.文章说Video rental outlets together少卖了10000，因此和新加入的个体无关，并且和B的论断无关(C) Most of the video rental outlets in Centerville rent videos at a discount on certain nights of the week.对B的反驳无效，只能说明应该租的更多才对，也只能说明更加有其他的原因导致租的少(D) People often buy videos of movies that they have previously seen in a theater.和人们买的原因无关，无法削弱B(E) People who own videos frequently loan them to their friends.正确，因为Videorama，人们买，而买的人又转租给别人，使得别人不再从Video rental outlets租借，因此租的少了，起始原因还是Videorama11.(25309-!-item-!-188;#058&001786)Mourdet Winery: Danville Winerys new wine was introduced to compete with our most popular wine, which is sold in a distinctive tall, black bottle. Danville uses a similar bottle. Thus, it is likely that many customers intending to buy our wine will mistakenly buy theirs instead.Danville Winery: Not so. The two bottles can be readily distinguished: the label on ours, but not on theirs, is gold colored.M说他们的最受欢迎的酒是高的，黑色的酒瓶，而D模仿了他们的酒瓶，因此可能会导致一批顾客错误购买。D反驳说不是这样的，我们的酒瓶上有金色的商标，因此不会买错。文章推理：因为商标，所以D不会导致M顾客流失Which of the following, if true, most undermines Danville Winerys response?(A) Gold is the background color on the label of many of the wines produced by Danville Winery.只是描述了D的本身的性质，并没有提到对顾客的影响(B) When the bottles are viewed side by side, Danville Winerys bottle is perceptibly taller than Mourdet Winerys.无关比较，结论出现的新的因素商标，没有包含(C) Danville Winery, unlike Mourdet Winery, displays its wines label prominently in advertisements.和顾客的吸引无关(D) It is common for occasional purchasers to buy a bottle of wine on the basis of a general impression of the most obvious feature of the bottle.正确，本来D和M的酒瓶就很相似，再加上D的显著的商标，会引起顾客兴趣，因此导致M顾客流失(E) Many popular wines are sold in bottles of a standard design.没有将D M区别开，只是说了整个行业的特点，也和顾客没有关系12.(25359-!-item-!-188;#058&001894)Finding of a survey of Systems magazine subscribers: Thirty percent of all merchandise orders placed by subscribers in response to advertisements in the magazine last year were placed by subscribers under age thirty-five.Finding of a survey of advertisers in Systems magazine: Most of the merchandise orders placed in response to advertisements in Systems last year were placed by people under age thirty-five.来自报纸订阅者的调查：因为报纸里的广告而进行购买商品的人中的30% 来自于35岁以下人来自报纸广告商的调查：大多数因为报纸里的广告而进行购买商品的人是35岁以下的文章讨论报纸订阅者，35岁以下的人，和报纸里的广告以及购买商品的关系关键问题在一个百分比是30%，一个是大多数，数量上存在一定差别For both of the findings to be accurate, which of the following must be true?(A) More subscribers to Systems who have never ordered merchandise in response to advertisements in the magazine are age thirty-five or over than are under age thirty-five.和have never ordered merchandise的人没有关系，并且没有说明人数的差别(B) Among subscribers to Systems, the proportion who are under age thirty-five was considerably lower last year than it is now.和报纸订阅者中购买商品的人数不同年份的纵向比较无关，应该和广告商的人数横向进行比较(C) Most merchandise orders placed in response to advertisements in Systems last year were placed by Systems subscribers over age thirty-five.over age thirty-five.无关人群，偷换集合【错误，因为没有考虑没有subscribe但是order的人数】(D) Last year, the average dollar amount of merchandise orders placed was less for subscribers under age thirty-five than for those age thirty-five or over.35岁以下和以上的人群进行比较并不能说明35岁以下不同调查的人数的差别，35岁以上属于偷换集合(E) Last year many people who placed orders for merchandise in response to advertisements in Systems were not subscribers to the magazine.正确，指明了两个调查的差别点，35岁以下人群是否是订阅者，如果第二个调查中包含了很多非订阅者，就可以解释为什么一直占30%而另一个是most。13.(26741-!-item-!-188;#058&002910)Which of the following most logically completes the argument?United States manufacturers currently produce most of the worlds solar-pow