2009北大考博英语模拟题(structure and written expression 讲解2).doc

动词时态和时间短语 SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT PROGRESSIVE SIMPLE PASTSIMPLE FUTURE PRESENTPERFECTPRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE every day, week, etc. on Mondays, weekends, etc. always usually often generally sometimesfrom time to time occasionally once in a while rarely seldom hardly ever never now at this moment for the moment currently at the present temporarily this week. month, etc. today yesterday last night, week, etc. the last timethe first timea day, a month, etc. ago earlier today, this week, this month, etc. tomorrow tonightnext week, month, year, etc.the next timein a few minutes, a few days, etc.Many times since last year, in the last/past week, month, year, etc. up to now so far lately recently already yet how long ever never All day long since 3 oclockfor the last/pasttwo days for ten dayshow long 英语中常用的一些拉丁语和法语Latinmeaningexample ad hocformed or done for a particular purpose onlyAn ad hoc committee was set up to oversee the matter.alma mater foster mother (refers to the school, college or university you attended) I was at my Alma mater yesterday to celebrate her 124th birthday.alumnus, alumni alumna, alumnae male graduate(s) female graduate(s)Anno Domini; A.D. Year of the Lord, or year since Christs birthAntebellum; ante bellumbefore the war, refers to a culture or period of time, usually the U.S. Civil War Although some customs found during the antebellum era have long since vanished, many more may be recognized instantly.ante meridiem; a.m post meridiem; p.m. Before noonAfter noonbona fidegenuine; realOnly bona fide members of the club may use the clubhouse.carpe diemSeize the daycirca; c.around; approximatelyThe house was built circa 1870.de factoin fact; in realityAlthough the Emperor was the head of state, the de facto ruler of Japan was the Shogun.erratumerror; mistakeLists of errors from a previous publication are often marked errata (the plural, meaning errors).et cetera; etcand the rest; and so on; and moreWe urgently need to buy medical equipment, drugs et cetera.habeas corpusa court order instructing that a person under arrest be brought before a judgeThe right of habeas corpus has long been regarded as an important safeguard of individual liberty.id est; i.e. That is to say; in other wordsperfor eachThis petrol station charges $5.00 per gallon.per annum; p.a.for each yearThe population is increasing by about 2% per annum.per capitafor each personThe countrys annual income is $5000 per capita.per sein itself/themselves; intrinsicallyThese facts per se are not important.post-mortemexamination of a body after death; autopsyThe post-mortem revealed that she had been murdered.post scriptum; p.s. After the writingstatus quoexisting state of affairsMonarchies naturally wish to maintain the status quo.terra firmadry land; the ground as opposed to the air or seaShackleton and his men set foot on terra firma after three weeks at sea.verbatimin exactly the same wordsI had to memorize the text verbatim.versus; vs.; v.againstWhat are the benefits of organic versus inorganic foods?In the case of Bush versus Gore, the judges decided.viaBy way of; by means ofI flew to Guangzhou via Shanghai.vice versathe other way roundMy telephone serves me, and not vice versa.persona non grataunacceptable or unwelcome personFrom now on, you may consider yourself persona non grata in this house.FrenchmeaningExample or noteadieuuntil GodUsed like farewell: when you dont expect to see the person again until God (when you die and go to Heaven)au pairat parA person who works for a family (cleaning and/or teaching the children) in exchange for room and board, or a chance to learn the familys language avant-gardebefore guardInnovative, especially in the artsbelleA beautiful woman or girlCommon uses of this word are in the phrases the belle of the ball (the most beautiful woman or girl present at a function) and southern belle (a beautiful woman from the southern states of the US)belles-lettresFine lettersliterature regarded for its aesthetic value rather than its didactic or informative content; also, light, stylish writings, usually on literary or intellectual subjectsblondblondefair-hairedBlond is for a man and blonde for a woman. Note that these can also be nouns.brunettesmall, dark-haired femaleclichtrite through overuse; a stereotypecritiquecritical judgmentcuisinekitchen, food styleIn English, cuisine refers only to a particular type of food/cooking, such as French cuisine, Southern cuisine, etc.en routeon routeOn the wayfiancfianceengaged person, betrothedNote that fianc refers to a man and fiance to a woman.fin de sicleend of the centuryHyphenated in English, fin-de-sicle refers to the end of the 19th century.genretypeThe thriller genrelaissez-fairelet it beA policy of non-interference. Note the expression in French is ieuSocial environment; settingmotifa recurrent thematic elementpar excellenceby excellenceQuintessential, preeminent, the best of the bestpetitLesser, minorpetit bourgeoisrendez-vousgo toIn English we can use it as a noun or a verb (lets rendez-vous at 8pm).souvenirmemory, keepsakeA mementotte-ttehead to headA private talk or visit with another persontoilettetoiletto do ones toilette - brush hair, do makeup, etc. vis-vis (de)face to faceA vis-vis meeting词的辨析deprecate; implicate; depreciate; appreciate;amiable， amicable， arable, charitable, effable，stable，viable， contract， intact， enact, extract, subtract fail， frail， hail， jail， assail， curtail， detail， retail， prevail faint， saint， taintbangle, strangle， wrangle，dangle， mangle， tangle，untangle， decant， scant， dormant， mordant， giant， benignant， indignant， pregnant， stagnant， parable， parallel， paramount， parade，disparage，discourage, rage, enragecomparable， comparative， compatible, compunctious, competitiveseparate， disparate, , desperate, segregate, aggregateparalysis， paraphrase, parallel, paramount, parameterabate，abdicate，advocate，allocate，debate, dedicate，delicate， indicate，intricate，intoxicate，vindicate daunt， gaunt， haunt， flaunt， taunt， vaunt accede， concede， recede， precede， exceed， proceed， succeed accent， innocent，scent，ascent， descent， decent， accept， concept， except， incept， intercept， percept， precept， concern， discern， circuitous， circular，circulate， circumscribe， circumspect ，circumvent concise， incise， incisor， precise， acclaim， declaim， disclaim， exclaim， proclaim， reclaim， counterfeit， counterpart， counteract， cry， mimicry， outcry， decry， incur， concur， curb， curd， curt， cursory， meddle， middle， muddle， saddle， accident， incident， ardent， evident， indent， Occident， pendent， prudent， rodent， addict， contradict， indict， interdict， predict， verdict， adduce，conduce，induce，reduce，seduce，traduce， abduct， aqueduct， conduct， deduct， induct， bear， forbear， overbear， shear， nuclear， smear， rear， swearcease， decease， disease， lease， release， appease， crease， tease， grease， heave， upheaval， cleave， reave， bereave， weave， career， queer， eery， jeer， fleer， sneer， peer， pioneer， sheer， steer， veer， volunteer， deign， reign， feign，foreign， congenial， genial， menial， merge， emerge， immerge， submerge， verge， converge， diverge， access， excess， process， confess， profess， bless， mess， address， redress， aggress， congress， digress， regress， progress， compress， depress， empress， express， impress， oppress， repress， suppress， stress， assess， obsess， possess， affluence， confluence， influence， affluent， confluent， influent， haggle， smuggle， struggle， aught, fraught， haughty，naught, naughty， slaughter， field， shield， yield， wield， abolish，admonish， anguish，blemish, banish, cherish， demolish， embellish，extinguish， flourish ，furbish， furnish， garnish， lavish， ravish，languish， nourish， relinquish，replenish，polish，punish，sluggish， tarnish ， vanish，varnish， vanquish， rubbish， snobbish， altitude ，latitude ， longitude，aptitude，inaptitude， attitude， decrepitude， fortitude， gratitude， magnitude，multitude， plentitude， solicitude， solitude， abject， eject， deject， reject， project， collapse， elapse, lapse, relapse， elicit， implicit， explicit， solicit， illicit， blight， delight， enlighten， highlight， plight，