Control chart.doc

此文档收集于网络 如有侵权 请联系网站删除 此文档仅供学习与交流 1 0Purpose The purpose of this specification is to provide the methodology for set up and operating control charts and guideline whether a system is statistically able to meet a set of specifications or requirements 2 0Scope This document applies to all operations with responsibility for ensuring process control for processes directly affecting product quality 3 0Document Information 3 1Reference Documents Document NumberDocument Title Quality System Manual Control of Quality Records Statistical Techniques and Analysis of Data Continuous Improvement Process Total Control Methodology TCM Statistical Process Control SPC 3 2Document Classification This document is classified as Company GENERAL BUSINESS INFORMATION The information disclosed herein is the property of Company Company reserves all proprietary design manufacturing reproduction use and sales rights thereto and to any article or process utilizing such information except to the extent that rights are expressly granted to others 3 3Acronyms Definitions the property of being in statistical control Stable Process Processes that are in statistical control Variation in the output of a stable process arises only from common causes A stable process is predictable Standard Deviation The scatter or spread in the sample data as defined below Statistical Control The condition of a process from which all special causes of variation have been eliminated and only common causes remain Statistical control is evidenced on a control chart by the absence of points beyond the control limits and by the absence of any non random patterns or trends Variables Data Measurements taken on a continuous scale They are quantifiable and incremental in nature Variation The inevitable differences among the measurements of a process 4 0Control charts The following flowchart may be used to determine the appropriate control chart for each of the variables being monitored 此文档收集于网络 如有侵权 请联系网站删除 此文档仅供学习与交流 No or Yes No Variable Attribute n 1 n 1 Large Small Large Small Percentages Ratios Defects Events Large Small Large Small Yes or Data from a Process to be Controlled Wandering mean Sample Size Data Type Shift Size x bar s x bar R CUSUM EWMA Shift Size x individual MR CUSUM EWMA Shift Size p np CUSUM EWMA using p Shift Size c u CUSUM EWMA using c u time between events Modified CUSUM EWMA Fit ARMA model apply control charts to model residuals Use EWMA with control limits based on prediction error variance Are Data Autocorrelated Variables or Attributes Fit ARIMA model apply control charts to model residuals 此文档收集于网络 如有侵权 请联系网站删除 此文档仅供学习与交流 4 1The control chart is a graph used to analyze variation from a processes or equipment They provide real time feedback on the stability and predictability of processes and equipment By comparing current data to historically determined lines one can make conclusions about whether the process is stable or is being affected by special causes of variation Note on terminology If a process is stable over time it is said to be in control If it is unstable it is said to be out of control The terms stable in control and unstable out of control are used interchangeably in SPC literature and applications Figure 1 illustrates a typical control chart U UC CL L L LC CL L C CL L T Ti imme e V Va ar ri ia ab bl le e S Su ummmma ar ry y S St ta at ti is st ti ic c A A C Co on nt tr ro ol l C Ch ha ar rt t Figure 1 Example of control chart 4 2Control charts are trend charts that are used to monitor and control processes or equipment They provide real time feedback on the stability and predictability of processes and equipment Each point on the chart is an outcome of a subgroup summary statistic of the process measurements such as a mean a range or a standard deviation or an individual value plotted at some given point of time Thus the control chart plots the trend of the particular summary statistic over time The horizontal axis of a control chart is a time variable such as hour shift day or week 4 3Control Limits and Center Line 此文档收集于网络 如有侵权 请联系网站删除 此文档仅供学习与交流 The features of a control chart that distinguish it from a basic trend chart are the presence of statistically based Control Limits and a Center Line These features allow for the objective evaluation of the stability of a process 4 3 1 The Center Line CL The Center Line of a control chart denoted by CL in Figure 1 is the mean value of the summary statistic when the process is stable i e in control Note In general the Center Line is not the target of the process variable 4 3 2 Control limits UCL and LCL Upper and Lower Control Limits UCL and LCL respectively in Figure 1 are constructed so that a high percentage of the time e g 99 73 the process summary statistic will fall within the control limits if the process is stable i e in control Note Control limits are not specification limits The state of the process determines the control limits which will change based upon elimination of causes of variability and or process changes including procedural or equipment changes If the control limits are constructed correctly and the process remains stable it is very unlikely that a value of the summary statistic will fall outside these limits If there has been a change in the process equipment or data collection procedures a point falling outside of the control limits is a signal that some corrective action is required 5 0How to make control charts Control charts exist to distinguish special cause variation from common cause variation so that the process perturbations that generated the special cause variation can be effectively diagnosed and eliminated from the process The Control chart limits must be calculated appropriately to optimize the performance of the control system 此文档收集于网络 如有侵权 请联系网站删除 此文档仅供学习与交流 Limits that are too wide for the process data will fail to detect special cause variation and result in missed opportunities to improve the process Limits those are too tight for the process data will mistakenly identify an inordinate amount of common cause variation as special cause thwarting effective trouble shooting of the process Note The use of the Shewhart formulas for some processes can lead to incorrect control limits thus resulting in false signals of out of control events or an inability to detect actual out of control conditions 5 1Determine new Control Limits and or change in existing limits 5 1 1 A new control chart will need limits calculated before it can be put to use in the manufacturing area It is important to determine the appropriate control limits for each control chart Incorrect control limits will allow for data points to be in control when the process is out of control or for data points to be out of control when the process is in control 5 1 2 Listed below are reasons that Control Limits need to be changed Recalculation and revision control of control limit should be performed in SPC system Periodic recalculation which should be performed in SPC system automatically is based on set up criteria of scheduled recalculation and should be reviewed and approved by the pertinent process engineer or SPC responsible engineer For process change or equipment the recalculation and acceptance of new control limit should be performed by the pertinent process engineer 5 1 2 1 Process Change 5 1 2 2 Scheduled Recalculation Recalculation per 30 subgroups 5 1 2 3 Equipment New piece of equipment from existing equipment set Equipment modification 此文档收集于网络 如有侵权 请联系网站删除 此文档仅供学习与交流 Equipment move or re qualification Identified and Accepted Equipment Wear 5 1 3 Extract Data over Proper Timeframe and Reference There must be adequate data to encompass the natural variation of the process 5 1 3 1 30 plot points is a Rule of Thumb ROT that historically delineates the progression from a small sample to a large sample A plot point is the point to be plotted on the chart It may represent an individual data point or the summary statistic for a subgroup of data points 5 1 3 2 In reality 30 plot points rarely encompasses the natural variation of a process For instance some operations can generate 30 plot points in two days while batches of material in the same operations are changed once a month If limits are calculated on the two days worth of data it is probable that those limits will not encompass the monthly material change ensuring that the limits need to be recalculated once every month Conversely some operations may take days to complete Waiting several months to institute process control is probably not prudent for these operations 5 1 4 Determine whether change or not control limits 5 1 4 1 If the range of control limit current or new is tighter than below 30 of spec limit and each control limit must be parted from each spec limit as 20 of spec range then additional change is not needed 5 1 4 2 If new control range is tighter than current control range as over 20 new control limit should be changed If below 20 change is not needed 5 1 4 3 If new control range is wider than current control range as below 20 change is not needed If over 20 the process of interest is probably too unstable to implement control charts upon and should be reviewed by SPC responsible engineer 此文档收集于网络 如有侵权 请联系网站删除 此文档仅供学习与交流 5 1 4 4 If new control limit is shifted from current control limit as below 20 new control limit can be accepted If over 20 the process of interest is probably too unstable to implement control charts upon and should be reviewed by SPC responsible engineer 5 1 5 Assess the control chart with limits and or new limits 5 1 5 1 If no points are out of control continue 5 1 5 2 If less than 10 of the plot points are out of control based upon the newly calculated control limits cull the out of control plot points from the reference dataset recalculate the limits reattach them to the chart and reassess the new limits 5 1 5 3 If 10 or greater of the plot points are out of control based upon the newly calculated control limits the process of interest is probably too unstable to implement control charts upon and shall follow continuous improvement procedure Note Company follow Quarterly review control limit 5 2 Data type 5 2 1 Variable Data Variables type data consist of continuous i e quantitative type data Such data are measured on a continuous scale where all values on this scale are possible outcomes of a measurement The actual observed outcome is limited only by the discrimination capability of the measuring tool Examples of variables data include measurements of length thickness temperature resistance voltage time etc as measured in such continuous scales as millimeters degrees ohms etc 5 2 2 Attribute Data Attribute data include categorical data e g good or bad machines 1 2 or 3 count data e g number of defects particles added number of failed wire bonds and percentages or proportions e g fraction defective yields Attribute data are measured on a discrete rather than a continuous scale That is only certain outcomes are possible 此文档收集于网络 如有侵权 请联系网站删除 此文档仅供学习与交流 5 3 Control charts by data type There are two types of data collected in the manufacturing line variables data and attribute data The type of control chart used depends upon the data type being monitored 5 3 1 Variable control charts Variable control charts are used to monitor either the summary statistics or individual data points that measure the location e g the mean and the variability of the process data Examples of variable control charts include Individual X Moving Range charts X bar chart R chart Range chart s chart Standard deviation chart Multivariate chart CUSUM chart EWMA chart Note It is strongly recommended that variables data always is monitored using a combination of a location chart e g a mean chart and a variability chart e g a range chart 5 3 2 Attribute Control Charts Attribute control charts are used to monitor attribute type data Common summary statistics include counts average counts and percentages or proportions Examples of attribute control charts include c charts u charts p charts np charts 5 4 Calculate Limits and or New Limits 此文档收集于网络 如有侵权 请联系网站删除 此文档仅供学习与交流 Limits for variable charts will be calculated using the grand mean and the standard deviation of all the subgroup summary statistic values from the reference dataset Appendix A E X bar chart R chart s chart Individual X chart MR chart Limits for attribute charts will be calculated using the median plus 1 5 times the inter quartile range Appendix F G p chart c chart 6 0 Analysis of control charts Control charts are said to be statistically in control if the following conditions are encountered All points lie within the control limits most are near the central line The point grouping does not form any non random pattern 6 1 Criteria for a controlled state All points lie within the control limits Most are near the central line The point grouping does not form any nonrandom pattern 6 2 Criteria for an abnormal state Some points are outside the control limits All points are within the control limits but they form patterns 6 3 Control Chart Zones Control chart zones display a typical X bar chart with three zones A B and C on either side of the center line 此文档收集于网络 如有侵权 请联系网站删除 此文档仅供学习与交流 UCL CL LCL X BAR A B C C B A C Co on nt tr ro ol l C Ch ha ar rt t Z Zo on ne es s The Zones are defined by equally dividing the area between the control limits in sixths where zone A is the farthest from the center line and zone C is nearest to the center line 6 4 Establish a response plan 6 4 1 Determine the appropriate out of control OOC rules Shewhart Tests to be used with each control chart utilizing at least Test 1 as a minimum 6 4 2 Out of Control Action Plans OCAPs specify defined and repeatable responses to an out of control condition as defined by the control rules An OCAP for this chart should provide directions to the operator on how to proceed to identify and correct the cause of the out of control event No control chart should be implemented without an accompanying OCAP 6 5 Establish a review mechanism 6 5 1 Document events including out of control conditions corrective actions taken changes to process or equipment and maintenance performed 6 5 2 Establish a regular review of all control charts to determine if any action is necessary such as control limits adjustment data collection frequency etc Note CompanyWH follow Quarterly review 6 5 3 The instability index may be used to determine if the control limits need adjustment 6 6Shewhart tests that indicates non random patterns No DefinitionDescriptionPurposeExample 此文档收集于网络 如有侵权 请联系网站删除 此文档仅供学习与交流 1 One point beyond zone A control limit The points show beyond the control limit Unstable Detects a shift in the mean an increase in the standard deviation or a single aberration in the process For interpreting test 1 the R chart can be used to rule out increase in variation 2 9 points in a row in a single upper or lower side of zone C or beyond Most points appear quite close together upper or lower side of center line Detects a shift in the process mean 3 6 points in a row steadily increasing or decreasing The points show a gradual shift in one direction Trend Detects a trend or drift in the process mean Small trends will be signaled by this test before test 1 4 14 points in a row alternating up and down The points appear systematic alternating up and down as saw toothed Systematic alternation Detects systematic effects such as two alternately used machines vendors or operators 5 2 out of 3 points in a row in zone A or beyond Small points appear close together Abnormality is interfered in process temporarily Detects a shift in the process average or increase in the standard deviation Any two out three points provide a positive test 6 4 out of 5 points in a row in zone B or beyond Small points appear close together Abnormality is interfered in process temporarily Detects a shift in the process mean Any four out of five points provide a positive test 7 15 points in a row in zone C above and below the centerline Most points appear quite close together around center line Detects stratification of subgroups when the observations in a single subgroup come from various sources with different means 8 8 points in a row on both side of the centerline with none in zone C The points move abnormally out of center line Detects stratification of subgroups when the observations in one subgroup come from single sources but subgroups come from different sources with different means 6 6 1 For the special customer requirement different from CompanyWH specification the pertinent criteria can be applied to the pertinent control chart as WECO rule or AIAG guideline 此文档收集于网络 如有侵权 请联系网站删除 此文档仅供学习与交流 Example Comparison by runs of each rule Rule No Description Company WH WECOAIAG 2 The pertinent points in a row in a single upper or lower side of zone C or beyond 987 3 The pertinent points in a row steadily increasing or decreasing 677 Appendix A X bar Chart The X bar chart is a control chart for monitoring means of process measurements In manufacturing applications it is most often used to monitor batch wafer or lot means A 1 Variables A 1 1 Sample average 此文档收集于网络 如有侵权 请联系网站删除 此文档仅供学习与交流 n X X ij i with the sample average of th subgroupiXi the sample size n the th sample data value in th subgroup ij Xji A 1 2 Grand Average k i i iX n N X 1 1 with the grand averageX the sample average of th subgroup iXi Number of subgroups used in the calculation k Total number of sample data valuesN A 1 3 Average Sample Range N R R i with the average of sample rangeR the th sample range i Ri Total number of sample data valuesN A 2 Center line The center line of an X bar chart is an estimate of the current mean of the process obtained from the historical data set or from the most recent stable runs on the X bar chart A 3 Control limits The control limits are calculated so that the likelihood of a single mean