外文翻译--太阳能发电.doc

文献翻译英文原文：Solar electrical energy generationAlong with economical development, societys progress, the people to the energy proposed that more and more high request, seeks for the new energy to become the urgent topic which the current humanity faces. The existing energy mainly has 3 kinds, namely thermal power, water and electricity and nuclear power.The thermal power needs to burn fossil fuels and so on bunker coal, petroleum. On the one hand the fossil fuel reserves limited, the fever are less, is facing the danger which dries up. It is estimated that the world oil resource will have 30 years then to dry up again. On the other hand the combustion fuel will discharge CO2 and the sulfur oxide compound, will therefore cause the greenhouse effect and the acid rain, will worsen the terrestrial environment.The water and electricity must submerge the massive lands, has the possibility to cause the ecological environment to destroy, moreover large reservoir, once collapses, the consequence will be inconceivable. Moreover, countrys hydro-electric resources are also limited, moreover must receive the season influence.The nuclear power in the normal condition no doubt is clean, but has the nuclear leakage accidentally, the consequence is similarly fearful. The former Soviet Union Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station accident, has caused 9,000,000 people to receive the varying degree harm, moreover this influence has not terminated.These force the people to seek for the new energy. The new energy must simultaneously meet two conditions: First, the implication rich will not dry up; Second, is safe, is clean, will not threaten the humanity and the destruction environment. At present found the new energy mainly had two kinds：first, solar energy; second, fuel cell. Moreover, the wind power generation may also be the auxiliary new energy. And, the most ideal new energy is greatly positive energy.1. The solar electrical energy generation is the most ideal new energyShines is huge on Earths solar energy, about 40 minutes shine on Earths solar energy, then sufficiently supplies global humanity one year energy the expense. It can be said that the solar energy is true inexhaustible, the inexhaustible energy. Moreover the solar electrical energy generation is absolutely clean, does not have the environmental damage. Therefore the solar electrical energy generation is honored as is the ideal energy.Obtains the electric power from the solar energy, must carry on the electro-optical transformation through the greatly positive battery to realize. It completely was formerly different with other power source electricity generation principle, has the following characteristic: Non-depletion danger; Clean (does not have environmental damage) absolutely; It is not distributed the resources the region the limit; But is using electricity place nearby generates electricity; The energy quality is high; The user easy to accept from the sentiment; The gain energy expenditures time is short. The deficiency is: The illumination energy distribution density is small, namely must take the huge area; Obtains the energy with four seasons, the day and nights and cloudy clear and so on meteorological conditions concerns. But generally speaking, the flaw does not cover the fine jade, takes the new energy, the solar energy has the enormous merit, therefore receives various countries the value.Must enable the solar electrical energy generation to achieve the practical level truly; first, must raise the solar energy electro-optic conversion efficiency and reduce its cost; second, must realize the solar electrical energy generation with presents electrical network networking.At present, solar panels mainly has the mono-crystalline silicon, the polycrystalline silicon, the amorphous state silicon three kinds. The mono-crystalline silicon solar cell conversion efficiency is highest, has reached above 20%, but the price is also the most expensive. The amorphous state silicon solar cell conversion efficiency is lowest, but the price is the cheapest, from now on most will be hopeful uses in generally generating electricity will be this kind of battery. Once its big area module electro-optic conversion efficiency achieves 10%, each watt generating set price falls to 1-2 US dollars, then sufficiently compete with presents electricity generation way. It is estimated that at the end of this century it may achieve this level.Certainly, in the special use and the laboratory uses the solar cell efficiency must be much higher, if the US Boeing develops by the gallium arsenic semiconductor with the positive electricity place which too the stibium gallium semiconductor overlaps becomes, the electro-optic conversion efficiency may reach 36%, has caught up with the coal-burning electricity generation efficiency quickly. But because it is too expensive, at present can only be restricted on the satellite uses.2. Solar electrical energy generation applicationAlthough solar electrical energy generation day and nights, clear and rain, season influence, but may carry on scattered, therefore it is suitable for various each household minute to carry on the electricity generation severally, moreover must join in the power supply network, causes each family when the electric power is wealthy may sold it to the Electricity company, when the insufficiency be possible from the Electricity company to buy up. Realizes this points technology not to be difficult to solve, the key lies in must have the corresponding legal safeguard. Now the US, Japan and so on developed country has made the corresponding law, guaranteed that carries on the solar electrical energy generation the family benefit, encourages the family to carry on the solar electrical energy generation.Japan has realized the solar electrical energy generation system the same electricity company electrical networks networking in April, 1992, had some families to start to install the solar electrical energy generation equipment. The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry started from 1994 take individual housing as an object, implemented to purchases the solar electrical energy generation equipments expense to subsidize 2/3 systems. Requests the first year had 1000 households families, when 2000 to have 70,000 households families to install the solar electrical energy generation equipment.According to the Japanese Department concerned estimates in the Japanese 21,000,000 households individual housing, if has 80% to install the solar electrical energy generation equipment, then may satisfy 14% which the national total power needs, if units and so on factory and office building also carry on the solar electrical energy generation with the room, then the solar electrical energy generation will occupy the national electric power 30%-40%. The current hindrance solar electrical energy generation popular most primary factor is the expense is expensive In order to satisfy the general family power requirement 3 kilowatt generating system, needs 6,000,000 to 7,000,000 Japanese Yen, has not included the installment wages. The concerned expert believed that when must fall at least to 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 Japanese Yen, the solar electrical energy generation only then can popularize truly. The key to reduce the expense lie in the solar cell to raise the conversion efficiency and to reduce the cost.Some time ago, the US Texas Instruments Company and SCE Corporation announced that they develop one kind of new solar cell, each unit is the diameter less than 1 millimeter bead, they distribute regularly densely and numerously on the soft aluminum foil, looks like many silkworm eggs to cling on the paper is the same. Then distributes in about 50 square centimeters area has 1,700 such units. This kind of new batterys characteristic is, although the conversion efficiency has 8%-10%, but the price is cheap. Moreover aluminum foil bottom bush soft solid, may look like the cloth to fold equally at will, and durable, hangs in toward the sun place then may generate electricity, is convenient. It is said that uses this kind of new solar cell, so long as each watt power capacity equipment 1.5 to 2 US dollars, moreover each round of once electricitys expense might also fall to 14 cents about, definitely may compete with the ordinary power plant. Each family hangs this kind of battery on the roof, the wall toward the sun, every year may obtain 1,000-2,000 degrees electric powers.3. Solar electrical energy generation prospectThe solar electrical energy generation has a more exciting plan. First, Japan proposes creates the century plan. Prepares the desert and the sea area carries on the electricity generation using the ground, and through superconducting cable whole world solar power station connection unification electrical network in order to global. According to reckoning, to 2000, in 2050, in 2100, even if all uses the solar electrical energy generation supplies the whole world energy, the occupying land area is also 651,100 square kilometer, 1,867,900 square kilometer, 8,291,900 square kilometers. 8,291,900 square kilometers only occupy the complete sea area 2.3% or the complete desert area 51.4%, even is the Sahara area 91.5%. Therefore this plan has the possibility to realize.Another one is the space electricity generation plan. As early as in 1980 the NASA and Department of Energy proposed that in the spatial construction solar power station tentative plan, prepares on the synchronous orbit to put one long 10 kilometers, to extend 5 kilometer big plates, above covers entirely the solar cell, like this then may provide 5,000,000 kilowatts electric powers. But this needs to solve to the ground wireless electric transmission question. Already proposed with the micro wave beam, the laser beam and so on each kind of plan. At present although has realized the short distance, the short time, the low power microwave wireless electric transmission with the mockup, but to true practical also has the long distance.Along with our country technologys development, in 2006, China had three enterprises to enter global first ten, symbolizes that China will become one of global new energy science and technology central, in the world the solar energy light bends down widespread application, what caused present to be deficient was raw material supply and the price rise, we needed dissemination of technology at the same time, to use the new technology, with the aim of reducing the cost large scale, was this new energy long-term development provides the driving force!The solar energy use mainly divides into several aspects: The family with the small solar energy power plant, the large-scale incorporation power plant, the building integration light bends down the glass curtain wall, the solar energy street light, the scenery supplementary street light, the scenery supplementary power supply system and so on, now main application way for construction integration and scenery supplementary system.The world present had the nearly 200 companies to produce the solar cell, but produces the plants mainly hand in the Japanese business.Recent years the South Korean Tri-star, LG expressed the positive participations desire, China two sides across the Taiwan Strait are similarly very warm-hearted. It is reported that our country Taiwan in 2008 crystallizes the silicon solar cell productivity to reach 2.2GW, later will expand by every year 1GW productivity in the past and started to produce the thin film solar cell, this year will strengthen vigorously, Taiwan anticipated that “the solar cell great nation” emulated to Europe. in 2010 various countries and the area have above 1GW the productive plan solar cell manufacturer to have Japanese Sharp, German Q-Cells, SchoSolar, turns 5 prestige RWE Solar, Chinese Suntech Power and so on 5 companies, above other 7 500MW productivity company.Recent years the world solar cell market advanced triumphantly, an excellence, but the rare financial storm brought the economic crisis, was similarly presses in solar cell market on dark clouds, the Major enterprise like Germany Q-Cells achievement declined accordingly, because pre-year the world too positive electricity market also the demand will be this year worn out, the petroleum price dropped, but the competitive power counter-promotion and so on disadvantage factor loweredBut at the same time, the people also see the US. After the Obama comes on stage, soon applies the Green New Deal policy, may have 150,000,000,000 US dollar subsidy funds including the among them green energy program, Japan will also carry out the subsidy system to continue to popularize solar cells application4. Solar cell electricity generation principle:The solar cell is pair of light has the response and can transform the energy of light the electric power the component. Many kinds of materials can produce the light to bend down the effect, for example: Mono-crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, gallium arsenic, selenium indium copper and so on. Their electricity generation principle basic same, presently take crystal as example description light electricity generation process. The P crystalline silicon may result in the N silicon after the doping phosphorus, forms the P-N knot.When light illumination solar cell surface, part of photons by silicon material absorption; The photon energy transfer has given the silicon atom, caused the electron to occur more moved, becomes the free electron to tie the both sides in P-N to gather has formed the potential difference, when exterior key-on, under this voltages function, will have the electric current to wind through the exterior electric circuit to have certain output. This processs essence is: The photon energy transforms the electrical energy the process.5. Crystalline silicon solar cells manufacture process:The silicon is on our star preserves one of most abundant quantity materials. Had discovered after the 19th century scientists crystalline silicon semiconductor characteristic, it changed all nearly, even humanitys thought. 20 centurys ends, in our life everywhere obviously “silicon” the form and the function, the crystalline silicon solar cell is in the recent 15 years forms the industrial production to be quickest. The production process may divide into five steps approximately: a、depuration process. b、pulls good process. c、slice process. d、system battery process. e、and the seal process.6. Solar cells application: In the 1960s, the scientists already applied the solar cells in the spatial technology-communication satellite power supply, on the centurys end, in the human self-introspections process, bends down unceasingly regarding the light generates electricity this kind so clean and the direct energy form already even more kind, not only in the spatial application, but also gives full play in the numerous domains.For example: The solar energy garden lamp, the solar electrical energy generation household with the system, the stockaded village power supplys independent system, the light bends down the water pump (potable water or irrigation), the correspondence power source, the petroleum oil pipeline cathodic protection, the fiber optic cable communications pumping station power source, in the seawater desalination system, the cities the guidepost, the highway guidepost and so on. Europe and America and so on advanced countries bend down the electricity generation the light to merge the city to use electricity the system and the remote border district nature village power supply system integrate the development direction. The solar cell and the building systems union already formed the industrial production tendency.参考译文：太阳能发电随着经济的发展、社会的进步，人们对能源提出越来越高的要求，寻找新能源成为当前人类面临的迫切课题。现有能源主要有3种，即火电、水电和核电。火电需要燃烧煤、石油等化石燃料。一方面化石燃料蕴藏量有限、越烧越少，正面临着枯竭的危险。据估计，全世界石油资源再有30年便将枯竭。另一方面燃烧燃料将排出CO2和二氧化硫，因此会导致温室效应和酸雨，恶化地球环境。水要淹没大量土地，有可能导致生态环境破坏，而且大型水库一旦塌崩，后果将不堪设想。另外，一个国家的水力资源也是有限的，而且还要受季节的影响。核电在正常情况下固然是干净的，但万一发生核泄漏，后果同样是可怕的。前苏联切尔诺贝利核电站事故，已使900万人受到了不同程度的损害，而且这一影响并未终止。这些都迫使人们去寻找新能源。新能源要同时符合两个条件：一是蕴藏丰富不会枯竭；二是安全、干净，不会威胁人类和破坏环境。目前找到的新能源主要有两种，一是太阳能，二是燃料电池。另外，风力发电也可算是辅助性的新能源。其中，最理想的新能源是大阳能。1.太阳能发电是最理想的新能源照射在地球上的太阳能非常巨大，大约40分钟照射在地球上的太阳能，便足以供全球人类一年能量的消费。可以说，太阳能是真正取之不尽、用之不竭的能源。而且太阳能发电绝对干净，不产生公害。所以太阳能发电被誉为是理想的能源。从太阳能获得电力，需通过大阳电池进行光电变换来实现。它同以往其他电源发电原理完全不同，具有以下特点：无枯竭危险；绝对干净（无公害）；不受资源分布地域的限制；可在用电处就近发电；能源质量高；使用者从感情上容易接受；获取能源花费的时间短。不足之处是：照射的能量分布密度小，即要占用巨大面积；获得的能源同四季、昼夜及阴晴等气象条件有关。但总的说来，瑕不掩瑜，作为新能源，太阳能具有极大优点，因此受到世界各国的重视。要使太阳能发电真正达到实用水平，一是要提高太阳能光电变换效率并降低其成本，二是要实现太阳能发电同现在的电网联网。目前，太阳能电池板主要有单晶硅、多晶硅、非晶态硅三种。单晶硅太阳能电池变换效率最高，已达20以上，但价格也最贵。非晶态硅太阳电池变换效率最低，但价格最便宜，今后最有希望用于一般发电的将是这种电池。一旦它的大面积组件光电变换效率达到10，每瓦发电设备价格降到12美元时，便足以同现在的发电方式竞争。估计本世纪末便可达到这一水平。当然，特殊用途和实验室中用的太阳电池效率要高得多，如美国波音公司开发的由砷化镓半导体同锑化镓半导体重叠而成的太阳电池，光电变换效率可达36，快赶上了燃煤发电的效率。但由于它太贵，目前只能限于在卫星上使用。2.太阳能发电的应用太阳能发电虽受昼夜、晴雨、季节的影响，但可以分散地进行，所以它适于各家各户分激进行发电，而且要联接到供电网络上，使得各个家庭在电力富裕时可将其卖给电力公司，不足时又可从电力公司买入。实现这一点的技术不难解决，关键在于要有相应的法律保障。现在美国、日本等发达国家都已制定了相应法律，保证进行太阳能发电的家庭利益，鼓励家庭进行太阳能发电。日本已于1992年4月实现了太阳能发电系统同电力公司电网的联网，已有一些家庭开始安装太阳能发电设备。日本通产省从1994年开始以个人住宅为对象，实行对购买太阳能发电设备的费用补助三分之二的制度。要求第一年有1000户家庭、2000年时有7万户家庭装上太阳能发电设备。据日本有关部门估计日本2100万户个人住宅中，如果有80装上太阳能发电设备，便可满足全国总电力需要的14，如果工厂及办公楼等单位用房也进行太阳能发电，则太阳能发电将占全国电力的3040。当前阻碍太阳能发电普及的最主要因素是费用昂贵。为了满足一般家庭电力需要的3千瓦发电系统，需600万至700万日元，还未包括安装的工钱。有关专家认为，至少要降到100万到200万日元时，太阳能发电才能够真正普及。降低费用的关键在于太阳电池提高变换效率和降低成本。不久前，美国德州仪器公司和SCE公司宣布，它们开发出一种新的太阳电池，每一单元是直径不到1毫米的小珠，它们密密麻麻规则地分布在柔软的铝箔上，就像许多蚕卵紧贴在纸上一样。在大约50平方厘米的面积上便分布有1，700个这样的单元。这种新电池的特点是，虽然变换效率只有810%，但价格便宜。而且铝箔底衬柔软结实，可以像布帛一