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专题02 介词、代词1 介词易错点1 单个介词的误用1.(2017北京)Many people who live along the coast make a living _ fishing industry.A. at B. in C. on D. by【错因分析】本题学生易误选C项或D项。很多学生不仔细看题,就认为本题是考查make a living on (doing) sth. 以为生/谋生,直接选C项;也有学生会误以为本题考查by(以方式,借助手段)而误选D。【试题解析】句意:许多住在海边上的人都是靠渔业来谋生的。此处用介词in,不用by,因为by后面通常接做什么事情来谋生,此处是指在捕鱼这个行业里谋生,用in,故选B。【正确答案】B常见介词的基本用法介词在英语中的使用很广泛,也是高考中的重点,正确使用介词是很重要的,下面归类讲述一些重点介词的用法:一、表示时间的介词1. in,on,at,over(1)in表示在一段时间之内。通常时间较长,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如:in the 1950s,in 1989,in summer,in January,in ones thirties,in the morning等。(2)on表示具体的某一天及其早、中、晚。如:on May 1st,on Monday,on a cold night in January, on a fine morning等。(3)at表示在一个时间点上。指某一时刻或较短暂的时间,也泛指圣诞节,复活节等。如:at 3:20,at this time of year,at Christmas,at night,at this moment等。(4)over后面接一段时间,表示超过或在期间。(5)在last,next,this,that,some,every等词之前通常不用介词。2. in,after(1)in一段时间表示将来的一段时间之后。(2)after一段时间表示过去的一段时间之后。(3)after具体时间表示将来或过去的某一时刻之后。3. from,since,for(1)from后接具体时间,说明从什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久。(2)since后接具体过去时间,表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。(3)for后接一段时间,通常与完成时连用。二、表示地点、方位的介词1. at,in,on,to(1)at表示在小地方或在附近;在旁边。(2)in表示在大地方或在范围之内,在方面。(3)on表示毗邻或接壤。(4)to表示在范围外,不强调是否接壤。2. above,over,on(1)above意为在上方,只表示位置高于某物,但不强调是否垂直,与below相对。(2)over意为在之上,表示垂直高于,与under相对。over强调与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。(3)on意为在之上,表示在某物体上面并与之接触。1.(2019新课标I卷语法填空)Modem methods _63_ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive to perform (perform) consistently over a large area.【解析】考查介词用法。此处tracking polar bear populations作Modern methods的定语,用of 连接,“methods of doing sth.”,意为“的方法”,构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用for。故填of/for。【答案】of/for2.(2018北京卷单项填空) Good morning, Mr. Lees office. Good morning. Id like to make an appointment _ next Wednesday afternoon. A. for B. on C. in D. at【解析】考查介词。句意:早上好,Lee先生办公室。早上好。我想预约下周三下午(和Mr. Lee见面)。make an appointment for意为“为预约”,是固定搭配,故A选项正确。【答案】A 3. The Great Wall travels _deep valleys, _deserts and _ mountains.【解析】through穿过;across从表面横过;over从上方越过。句意:长城穿过深深的峡谷,横过沙漠,越过高山。【答案】through; across; over4. Why not buy this type of car, sir? But _ the high price, I could have chosen one.【解析】句意:为什么不买这种汽车,先生?要不是价格高,我可能已经选了一辆了。but for要不是。【答案】for易错点2 介词短语及语境混淆2.(2019江苏卷单项填空)Favorable policies are _ to encourage employees professional development. A. in effectB. in command C. in turnD. in shape【错因分析】学生容易因搞不清楚句子要表达的意思和混淆介词短语的含义而误选选项。【试题解析】考查介词短语。句意:好的制度政策实际上都会激发员工的专业水平的提升。A. in effect实际上;B. in command指挥;C. in turn轮流,依次;D. in shape在外形上,处于良好的状态。故选A。【正确答案】A常见介词短语:表示的概念构成举例动作(表进行概念、表被动的关系)at+名词at dinner/table在吃饭 at work在工作at war交战 at church在做礼拜at work 在办公 at play在玩耍 at rest在休息 school在上学beyond+名词beyondbelief难以置信 beyondcontrol不听管教,无法掌控beyondcompare无可比拟 beyonddescription难以形容beyondexpression无法表达 beyondsuspicion无可怀疑,毫无疑问in+名词或in+名词+of+名词in the army在当兵 in(good)repair维修良好的 in progress在进行 in operation在运行中 insight看得见 instore贮藏着in action在运转 inuse开始使用incourseofconstruction正在兴建当中 in need of需要incourseofshipment正在运输途中inchargeof负责 inthechargeof由负责inpossessionof拥有 inthepossessionof被拥有on+名词on business办事/出差 on holiday/vacation/leave在休假on watch值班 on duty值勤/日on guard在值勤 on strike在罢工on sale出售 on loan借贷on the air在广播 onfire在燃烧onshow/display/ exhibition在展出under+名词under control在控制之中 under discussion在讨论中under development在发展中 under observation在观察中under test在被测试 under construction在建设中under fire在炮火中 under examination在检查/调查中under consideration在考虑中 under repair在修理中underarrest被逮捕 underattack受到袭击undermedicaltreatment在治疗中 understudy在研究中其他against ones opinion反对某人的见解for ones opinion同意某人的见解 forsale供出售at the mercy of在支配下;任由摆布1.(2018江苏卷单项填空)Chinas softpowergrows_ theincreasingappreciationandunderstanding of China globally.A. in line with B. in reply toC. in return for D. in honour of【解析】考查介词短语词义辨析及语境理解。句意:中国的软实力增长与日俱增全球对中国的赏识和理解相一致。A. in line with按照;与.一致;B. in reply to答复;C. in return for作为 . 的报酬;D. in honour of为纪念。故选A。【答案】A 2. (2015新课标全国卷语法填空) For those who fly to Guilin, its only an hour away car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.【解析】by car是固定表达,意为坐汽车。by后接交通工具时,表示交通工具的名词前不加冠词。【答案】by3. (2015新课标全国卷语法填空)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; the same time, they warm up again for the night.【解析】at the same time意为同时,为固定短语。由空前的分号可知,此处的at的首字母应用小写。【答案】at4. I got a place next the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.【解析】根据句子结构可知此空应填介词。next to挨着,仅次于,是固定短语。故填介词to。【答案】to易错点3 介词搭配错误或缺失、多余3.(2017新课标全国卷II短文改错)They have also bought for some gardening tools. 【错因分析】考生容易一看句子就觉得buy for是为某人买东西,是正确的,从而遗漏本处或将for错改成其他介词。【试题解析】考查搭配。bought是及物动词,后无需跟介词,故将for去掉。【正确答案】将for去掉高考主要考查学生对固定短语的掌握程度、对短语意义的了解以及介词在固定搭配中的应用。常见的介词搭配有:1. 名词词组:如solution/approach/way to的方法;name of的名字;entrance to/of的入口等。2. 动词词组:如remind sb. of sth.提醒某人某事;rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人的;result from由引起;call at访问(某地);lead to导致等。3. 形容词词组:如be curious about对好奇;be proud of因而自豪;be popular with受到的欢迎等。4. 介词短语:如apart from除之外;in addition to除之外(还);because of因为;instead of代替;in fear of为提心吊胆;for fear of以免;in case of防备,万一;thanks to由于;in the middle of在中间according to根据;in front of在前面;in return for作为对的回报;in charge of负责;as a result of作为的结果;in exchange for与交换;on the contrary相反;in turn依次;in ones opinion根据某人的看法;on time准时;out of reach够不着等。Lady Gaga has been struck _the head by a pole while performing a concert _New Zealand, which is part of a world tour.A. in; onB. in; atC. with; atD. on; in【解析】考查固定结构中的介词搭配。strike sb. on the head是固定用法,意为打在某人头上,New Zealand是国家名,故其前应用介词in。故选D。【答案】D 2 代词易错点1 人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的误用1. Tom felt that he knew everybodys business better than they knew it .A. themselves B. oneself C. itself D. himself 【错因分析】考生容易因对反身代词理解错误而误选D。如果把注意力放在everybody上,就会误选D。【试题分析】句意:汤姆感觉他比每个人自己都清楚每个人的职责。这里是强调than后的句子中的主语they,it指代的是business,此处表示的是每个人知道自己的职责,故选A。【正确答案】 A【特别提醒】形容词性物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, their)只能在名词前作定语。如果名词前有形容词性物主代词,则不能再使用冠词(a, an, the)或指示代词(this, that, these, those)来修饰此名词。名词性物主代词(mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs)相当于形容词性物主代词+名词,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语,而不作定语。在使用反身代词时,要注意其所在句子的主语。如果主语是I就用myself,是you就用yourself,he用himself,she用herself,it用itself,we用ourself,they用themselves。1. 人称代词形式句法功能主格I,we,you,he,she,it,they主要用作主语,有时用作表语宾格me,us,you,him,her,it,them作动词或介词的宾语;口语中常用宾格作表语2. 物主代词形式句法功能形容词性物主代词my, our, your, his, her, its, their作定语名词性物主代词mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs作主语、宾语或表语【特别提醒】1. 英汉差异。英语中必须有形容词性物主代词,而汉语中往往省略不翻译。Jack took off his coat and went go bed.(his不能省略) 2.of+名词性物主代词用作定语。Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party.That car of hers is a1ways breaking down. 3.形容词性物主代词+own+名词表示强调,在own前还可加very表示进一步的强调。Its nice if a man can have his own car.I want to have my very own car.4.a(an,some,any) +名词+ of ones own表示某人自己的的意思。名词前可以用this, that, these, four, those, several, another, no等修饰,但不能用定冠词the。5. 含有反身代词的习惯用语:by oneslf( =alone) 独自地,亲自to oneself 暗自for oneself 为自己of oneself 自动地,自发地be oneself 玩得愉快dress oneself in 穿着help oneslf to 随便吃,自行取用come to oneself 苏醒make oneself at home 不要客气devote oneself to 专心于;献身于find oneself in/at发觉自己来到teach oneself 自学dress oneself 自己穿衣lose oneself 迷路1.(2019天津卷单项填空)A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than _who are not. A. onesB. thoseC. theseD. them【解析】考查代词。句意:一项研究表明,参加课外活动的学生比不参加课外活动的学生更开心。空格处代词与the students是对应关系,可以用the ones或者those替代。“them”指代的是前边提到的复数名词,不能与the students形成对应关系。“these”一般不用定语从句修饰。故选B。【答案】B2. (2018新课标卷III短文改错)Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity, others were nervous and anxious. I had done homework but I was shy.【解析】句意:我已经完成了自己的作业。表示“我的”用my不用myself,或改为定冠词the也可以。【答案】myself改为my/the3.(2017浙江卷语法填空)Paulson screamed so loudly that her daughter came running from the house. She thought I had hurt (I),says Paulson.【解析】考查代词。主语为I,横线处为宾语,根据语境可知这里指她以为我弄伤了自己。故填myself。【答案】myself易错点2 不定代词的误用(2015重庆)The meeting will be held in September, but knows the date for sure.【错因分析】考生容易因为没有理解but而误填其他复合不定代词。【试题解析】句意:会议将在九月召开,但是没人知道具体日期。句中的关键词为but,表转折,故填nobody(没有人),符合句意。【正确答案】nobody不定代词有all, both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone等。(一)不定代词的基本用法:不定代词用法用法each/both/alleach指(两者或两者以上物或人中的)每个;both表示两者都;all指(三者或三者以上物或人中的)所有,全部。either/neithereither表示(两者中的)任何一个;neither表示两者都不。none/nothingnone表示(三者或三者以上)全无,没有一点;nothing表示没有任何东西,没有事。anotheranother泛指(三者或三者以上中的)另一,又一。other/othersother泛指其余的,另外的,只作定语。other可数名词复数=others。the other/ the othersthe other特指(两者之中的)另一个。the other可数名词复数=the others。(二)复合不定代词的用法某任何每个,所有没有人someone/somebodyanyone/anybodyeveryone/everybodyno one/nobody物somethinganythingeverythingnothing【特别注意】all,both,everyone,everybody,everything以及every+名词都表示全部肯定。none,no one,nobody,nothing,neither,not any 以及no+名词均表示全部否定;但当not 与表示全部肯定的不定代词连用时,不管not的位置在其前还是其后,都表示部分否定。None of them smoke. (全部否定)他们都不吸烟。Such a person cant be found everywhere.(部分否定) 这种人并非随处可见。(三)指示代词指示代词用法this/these指在时间或空间上较近的人或事物;this可指下文将要谈到的人或物。that/those指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物;that可指上文提到过的人或物。such指代前面所叙述的人或事物。作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数。so代替一个句子或短语所表达的事情,意思是如此,这样。在believe,think,expect,suppose,imagine,guess等词后用so代替前文提出的观点。几组相似的不定代词:1. all, both, either, neither, each和none(1)both(两者都),either(两者中的任何一个),neither(两者都不)。以上这些词使用范围为两者。John and Mary have both won the prizes. 约翰和玛丽都得了奖。The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but neither contained any useful suggestions. 这个调查组在调查的基础上提供了两份报告,但是没有一份包含有用的建议。Ive lived in New York and Chicago,but dont like either of them very much. 我曾经在纽约和芝加哥居住过,但是这两个城市我都不是很喜欢。(2)both与复数名词连用,either与单数名词连用。There are flowers on both sides of the street. 街道两旁都有花。There are flowers on either side of the street. 街道的每一边都有花。(3)all(所有的,全部的人或物),any(任何一个),none(都不)。以上词使用范围为三者或三者以上。All the students in my class like our teachers. 我们班的所有学生都喜欢我们的老师。Although Rosemary had suffered from a serious illness for years,she lost none of her enthusiasm for life. 虽然罗斯玛丽患上这种严重的疾病多年,但是她一点儿也没有失去对生活的热情。(4)each可指两者,也可指两者以上。They each have a car. 他们都有车。2. no,none,nobody和nothing(1)no不能单独使用,相当于not a或not any,作定语修饰可数名词或不可数名词。He has no worry about safety. 他一点也不为安全担心。(2)none既可以指人,也可以指物,侧重指三者或三者以上的人或物,可与介词of连用,用于回答how many/much引出的疑问句。How many people are there in the room? 房间里有多少人?None. 没有人。(3)nobody指人,用于回答who引导的疑问句;nothing指物,用于回答what引出的疑问句。The meeting will be held in September, but nobody knows the date for sure. 这次会议将在9月举行,但没人知道确切的日期。What are you doing? 你正在做什么?Nothing.没干什么。1. (2018新课标卷I短文改错) The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals.【解析】他们住在一个小房子里,院子里有狗、鸭子和其他牲畜。根据句意可知,将another改成other。【答案】another改为other2.(2017新课标全国卷II短文改错)Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school. 【解析】考查both和all的用法。both的主语是两个,而all是三个或者三个以上,句子中只有两个人Mr. and Mrs. Zhang,故将all改为both。【答案】all改为both3.One weeks time has been wasted.I cant believe we did all that work for .A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything【解析】句意:一周的时间已被浪费掉了。我无法相信我们所做的一切毫无结果。前面说浪费,那么应该是没有什么结果,因此用nothing,for nothing毫无结果。【答案】B易错点3 指示代词的误用3.(2016浙江单项填空)In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from _ in the UK.A. that B. this C. one D. it【错因分析】考生容易因没有弄清楚that,this,it的区别而误选答案。【试题解析】句意:在很多方面,美国的教育体系和英国的教育体系不太相同。指代上文的名词education system,是同类不同物,用that,而且后面有介词短语作后置定语。this表示近指,one泛指可数名词单数,it特指上文提到的名词。故选A。【正确答案】A指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词,有this,that,these,those。this,that是单数,these,those是复数。指示代词可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语等。几组常见的指示代词的辨析:1. it,one,ones,that,those(1)it特指上文所提到的同一事物,它所代替的名词常由the,this,that等修饰。(2)one泛指上文提到的同类事物中的一个,不特指,相当于a/an+单数名词;the one特指前面的可数名词单数,有时可以用that来代替(尤其是后面有后置定语时);(3)ones泛指上文提到的同类事物的复数名词;the ones特指上文提到的复数名词,有时可以用those代替,尤其在有后置定语的情况下。(4)that特指前面出现的单数名词或不可数名词,相当于the+可数名词单数/不可数名词;that 的复数形式为those,替代可数名词复数,既可指人也可指物。Yesterday I lost my pen and I couldnt find it. So I had to buy one.(it指代my pen;one替代a pen) 昨天我丢了钢笔而且没找到。所以我不得不再买一支。The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk.(those/the ones替代the books) 桌子上的书要比桌子下面的好。Few pleasure can equal that of a cool drink on a hot day. 没有什么能比得上在炎热的天气里喝上一杯冷饮那样快乐。(that替代pleasure)【特别注意】that既可替代可数名词单数,也可替代不可数名词,常有后置定语,一般不指人,复数形式为those;one只能替代可数名词单数,复数形式为ones。当可数名词前有形容词修饰时,只能用one,不用that。当of短语做可数名词单数的后置定语时,用that,不用one。2. another,other,the other和others(1)another既可以单独使用,也可以用于单数名词前,泛指三者或三者以上中的另外一个人或物。还可以用于another+数词+复数名词中,表示再,又。Recycling is one way to protect the environment; reusing is another. 循环利用是保护环境的一种方式,重新利用是另一种方式。You have to wait for another three weeks. 你还得等待三周。(2)other 可用作形容词,意思为别的,其他的,泛指其他的(人或物)。You can ask other people to help you. 你可以让其他人帮你。(3)the other指两个人或物中的一个,不能用another,此时other为代词。The old man has two sons.One is a teacher; the other is a doctor. 这位老人有两个儿子。一个是老师,另一个是医生。(4)the other 后可接可数名词单数,也可接可数名词复数,不接不可数名词。此时other为形容词。On the other side of the street, there is a tall tree. 在街道的另一边,有一棵高大的树。He is taller than the other students in his class. 他比班里其他学生都高。(5)others 是other的复数形式,泛指另外几个;其他的。others不能作定语,表示复数意义,相当于other+复数名词;the others相当于the other+复数名词,指剩下的全部。In some countries,people eat with chopsticks,while in others,knives and forks. 在一些国家里,人们用筷子吃饭,而在另一些国家里,,人们用刀子和叉子。Two students in our class failed,but all the others passed the exam. 班里两个学生没及格,但其他学生全部通过了考试。Cars do cause as us some health problems in fact far more serious than mobile phones do.A. one B. ones C. it D. those【解析】句意:汽车确实给我们造成了一些健康问题,事实上远比手机造成的健康问题严重。这里ones用来替代前面的problems,由于有修饰语serious,故不能填those。【答案】B易错点4 代词it的误用4. How would you like if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you?【错因分析】学生容易因不清楚it的用法而误填其他答案。【试题解析】句意:如果你正在看最喜爱的电视节目,这时有人进来没有征求你的意见就把电视关了,你会怎么想?固定表达how would you like it if.,在此结构中it为形式宾语,代替后面if从句的内容。【正确答案】itit的用法考点透析:(一)it作为代词,与one,that的辨析1. it特指,代替单数可数名词,一般代替一个具体的事物,不带修饰成分。(1)用作人称代词,代替前文提到的事物。Whats this?这是什么?Its a pen. 钢笔。(2)代替指示代词this,that。(3)表示时间、天气、距离、季节、明暗等。How far is it to New York? 纽约有多远?Its 400 kilometers. 400公里。2. one(1)泛指,代替前面出现过的名词单数,避免重复(用ones代替前面出现过的复数名词)。可用this/that/each/which及形容词修饰,也可与冠词连用,或带后置定语。He has no child, and he wants to adopt one. 他没有孩子,想认养一个。(2)作不定代词时,可以泛指人,意为一个人,一种人。One should do ones duty. 人人应该尽责。比较:There was a piano in the shop, so I decided to buy it at once. 店里有一架钢琴,我决定立刻买下来。(it 特指上文出现的piano, 与piano是同一事物)I wanted to buy a house and Id like one with a garden. 我想买个带花园的房子。(onea house)There are many good flats for you to choose.Would you like to buy one? 有许多好的公寓让你选择,你要买一套吗?(one=a flat, one 指many good flats中的一个)3. that代替单数可数名词或代替不可数名词,只可带后置定语。只能代替物,不能代替人。those可指人,也可指物;在比较状语从句中,特指前面提到的同一类东西。The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. 上海的人口多于北京。(二)it作形式主语时的常见句型:1. It is (high) time (that) 主语should do/did sth.It is (high) time that this problem was solved. 是时候解决这个问题了。2. It is.since.It is two years since he came to work in this city. 自从他来到这个城市工作已经两年了。3. It be.before.It will be three years before we can meet again. 我们要三年才能相见。4. It is/wasadj.for/of sb.to do sth.It was difficult for her to move so heavy a box. 叫他搬这么重的箱子有点难。5. It is/wasadj.that.It was clear that he was lying to us. 很明显他在对我们说谎。6. It isvedthat.It is reported that our team has won the gold medal. 据报道我们队获得了金牌。7. It seems/appears/happens that.It seemed that he had known the truth. 看来他已经知道了真相。8. It matters/doesnt matter that.It matters a lot whether he will agree to our plan. 他是否同意我们的计划关系重大。9. It is no use/no good/no harm doing sth.Its no good arguing with him. 与他争吵没好处。(三)it作形式宾语的常用句型(S代替主语,V代替谓语动词)1. SVitadj./n.to do sth.We consider it a great honor to be able to host the 2020 Olympic Games. 我们认为能举办2020奥运会是极大的荣幸。2. SVitadj./n.doing sth.They find it no use searching the empty house. 他们发觉搜寻这座空房子没用。Do you consider it any good trying again? 你认为再试一次没有任何好处?3. 主语谓语itthat/when.I dont like it when you shout at me. 我不喜欢你对我大喊大叫。4. 强调句:It is/was被强调成分who/that.如:可对下列句子中四处画线部分进行强调。We saw Tom in_the_park yesterday. 我们昨天在公园看见汤姆。It was we who/that saw Tom in the park yesterday. (强调主语,为人,可用who或that) 是我们昨天在公园看见汤姆的。It was Tom who/that we saw in the park yesterday. (强调宾语) 昨天我们在公园看见的是汤姆。It was in_the_park that we saw Tom yesterday. (强调地点状语) 我们昨天是在公园看见汤姆的。It was

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