integrated unit 4 handout.doc

Unit Four The Virtual WorldText A A Virtual LifeI. Key Words and Phrases 1. (标题) virtual: adj. a. created and existing only in a computerI can visit a virtual store and put what I want in my basket at the click of a mouse button.Some people spend too much time escaping from reality into the virtual world conjured up on their computer screens.b. almost what is stated; in fact though not in nameThe officials hear this kind of talk in virtual silence.国王处处都受王后的影响，以至于王后成了国家实际上的统治者。The king was so much under the influence of his wife that she was the virtual ruler of the country.2. (Para. 1) interpreta. to translate one language into anotherThey spoke good Spanish, and promised to interpret for me.b. to believe that something someone does or something that happens has a particular meaninginterpret something as somethingHis refusal to work late was interpreted as a lack of commitment to the company.c. to explain the meaning of somethingFreuds attempts to interpret the meaning of dreams3. (Para. 2) submita. to give a plan, piece of writing etc to someone in authority for them to consider or approvesubmit an application/claim/proposal etcAll applications must be submitted by Monday.b. to agree to obey a person, group, set of rules, especially when you have no choicesynonym give insubmit toDerek has agreed to submit to questioning.4. (Para. 4) take in a. receive, admit; b. include; c. make (clothes) narrowerd. understand e. deceive f. see at a glance; see at once(Directions:) Match the above definitions with the sentences below.The dress was too big, so I took it in. (=3)I didnt take in what you were saying. (=4)She took in every details of the other womans clothes. (=6)Do you mean we should get rid of the stale and take in the fresh? (=1)Dont be taken in by her promises (=5)This is the total cost of the trip, taking in everything. (=2)Collocation:take after 仿效，跟随；相象，在相貌、脾气或性格上相似take apart 拆开take back 收回（所说的或所写的事）take down 拿下，放下take for 把视作；误认为take off 脱掉（衣服等）；起飞take on 从事；开始对付：take out 取出；弄走take over 接管take up 举起；再次开始5. (Para. 6) conversely：in a way that is opposite to sth.$1 will buy 100 yen worth of Japanese goods. Conversely, 100 yen will buy $1 worth of American goods.You can add the fluid to the powder or, conversely, the powder to the fluid.扩展：vice versa 6. (Para.7) but then：but at the same time; meanwhileThe failure of Chinas soccer team looks inevitable. But then, anything can happen in football.7. (Para. 7) jar: have a harsh or an unpleasant effectjar sth. jar on sb./sth.The loud bang jarred my nerves.Her squeaky voice jarred on me.8. (Para. 7) suck a. to take air, liquid etc into your mouth by making your lips form a small hole and using themuscles of your mouth to pull it insuck in: involve in; absorbinSucked in the rain, the crops grow prosperously.Some teenagers dont want to get involved with gangs, but they find themselves getting sucked in.sucker: 吸管，笨蛋，涉世不深的人9. (Para. 8) projecta. to cause (an image) appear on a surfacee.g. The teacher projected the slide onto a screen.b. To externalize and attribute (an emotion, for example) to someone or something else. to imagine that someone else is feeling the same emotions as you 将（自己的感情, 通常为不愉快者）投射给某人; 以为（尤指潜意识地）某人也存在（与自己同样的 通常为不愉快的感情） e.g. You mustnt project your guilt onto me = assume that I feel as guilty as you do Youre projecting your insecurity onto me.10. (Para. 11) restorea. to make something return to its former state or conditionrestore something to somethingThe government promises to restore the economy to full strength.She was hoping that the Mediterranean climate would restore her to full health.Vietnam restored diplomatic relations with South Korea on December 22. restore somebodys sight/hearing (=make someone who cannot hear or who is blind, hear or see again)11. (Para. 11) set apart a. if a quality sets someone or something apart, it makes them different from or better than other people or thingsset somebody/something apart fromMans ability to reason sets him apart from other animals.b. to keep something, especially a particular time, for a special purposeset somebody/something apart forTraditionally these days were set apart for prayer and fasting.* refuse, decline, reject, ant turn down refuse/decline an invitationrefuse permissiondecline, reject, or turn down a suggestionrefuse, decline, reject, or turn down an offerreject or turn down a plan or proposaldecline/ refuse/ reject: 拒绝decline多指比较温和、有礼貌地决绝，常常可译作“谢绝”，如：Im afraid I must decline your invitation.refuse：比decline语气重，通常指直接底并且常常态度坚决地拒绝，如：He refused to accept this advice. reject比refuse语气还要重，一般指不容置辩地断然拒绝，并且常含有“驳回”、“摈弃”的意味，如：His application was rejected. 此外，decline一般只表示通过话语来拒绝，而refuse和reject则不一定非要通过话语来拒绝，如: The horse refused (或rejected，但不用declined)the apple.*remark & comment这两个词都是名词，都有“谈论”、“评论”之意。remark 是常用词，指议论、评价，常含有一种随便的意味。例如：I should be pleased to have your remark. 我将很高兴听到你的意见。Her absence of hair could hardly escape remark. 她没有头发，免不了被人议论。comment 通常强调批判性的评述。例如：Some scathing comments were heard from visitors. 从来宾那听到了一些尖刻的批评。It became a matter of cynical comment among the neighbors. 她成了邻居们冷嘲热讽的话题.II. Sentences to Remember 1. In fact, at times I have spent as long as three weeks alone at home, going out only to get mail and buy newspapers and groceries. 事实上我有时独自呆在家里长达3个星期，只偶尔出去拿信、买报及日用品。2. But after a while, life itself begins to feel unreal. I start to feel as though Ive become one with my machines, taking data in, spitting them back out, just another link in the Net. 然而，一段时间之后，生活本身就显得不那么真实了。我开始觉得自己似乎与机器融为一体了，我接收信息，再发送出去，就如同互联网的一个连接点。3. What first seemed like a luxury, crawling from bed to computer, not worrying about hair, and clothes and face, has become a form of escape, a lack of discipline. 一下床就上机，不再为发型、服饰、面部化妆烦心，起初看似奢华的享受如今却成为一种对生活的逃避，一种缺乏自律的表现。4. At times, I turn on the television and just leave it to talk away in the background, something that Id never done previously. 有时我把电视机开着，让它作为背景声音一直响着，以前我从不这样做。5. When Im in this state, I fight my boyfriend as well, misinterpreting his intentions because of the lack of emotional cues given by our typed dialogue. 在这种精神状态下，我也和男朋友吵架，常因键出的对话缺乏情感提示而误解他的本意。6. I try to at least get to the gym, so as to set apart the weekend from the rest of my week.我至少设法去健身房以便是周末和工作日有所不同。7. I click on the modem, the once-annoying sound of the connection now as pleasant as my favorite tune.我点击鼠标，打开调制解调器，曾经听了就烦的连接声此刻听起来就如同最心爱的曲子那么悦耳。III. Appreciation and RecitationPassage OneHappinessMany people think that when they become rich and successful, happiness will naturally follow. Let me tell you that nothing is further from the truth. The world is full of very rich people who are as miserable as if they were living in hell. We have read stories about movie stars who committed suicide or died from drugs. Quite clearly, money is not the only answer to all problems.Wealth obtained through dishonest means does not bring happiness. Lottery winnings do not bring happiness. Gambling winnings do not bring happiness. To my mind, the secret to happiness lies in your successful work, in your contribution towards others happiness and in your wealth you have earned through your own honest effort. If you obtain wealth through luck or dishonest means, you will know that it is ill-earned money. If you get your money by taking advantage of others or by hurting others, you will not be happy with it. You will think you are a base person.Long-term happiness is based on honesty, productive work, contribution, and self-esteem. Happiness is not an end; it is a process. It is a continuous process of honest, productive work which makes a real contribution to others and makes you feel you are a useful, worthy person. As Dr. Wayne wrote, “There is no way to happiness. Happiness is the way.” There is no use saying “Someday when I achieve these goals, when I get a car, build a house and own my own business, then I will be really happy.” Life just does not work that way. If you wait for certain things to happen and depend on the external circumstances of life to make you happy, you will always feel unfulfilled. There will always be something missing.Passage TwoThe Cobbler and the BankerA cobbler passed his time in singing from morning till night; it was wonderful to see, wonderful to hear him. He was more contented in making shoes, than were any of the Seven Sages. His neighbor, on the contrary, who was rolling in wealth, sang but little, and slept less. He was a banker. When by chance he fell into a doze at daybreak, the cobbler awoke him with his song. The banker complained sadly that Providence had not made sleep saleable. Having at length sent for the cobbler, he said to him, “How much a year do you earn, Master Gregory?” “How much a year, sir?” said the merry cobbler laughing. “I never reckon in that way, living as I do from one day to another; somehow I manage to reach the end of the year; each day brings its meal.” “Well then! How much a day do you earn, my friend?”“Sometimes more, sometimes less; but the worst of it isand without that our earnings would be very tolerablea number of days occur in the year on which we are forbidden to work.”The banker, laughing at his simplicity, said, “In the future I shall place you above want. Take this hundred crowns, preserve them carefully, and make use of them in time of need.” The cobbler thought he had all the wealth which the earth had produced in the past century for the use of mankind. Returning home, he buried his money and his happiness at the same time. No more singing; he lost his voice, the moment he acquired that which is the source of so much grief. Sleep quitted his dwelling; and cares, suspicions, and false alarms took its place. All day, his eye wandered in the direction of the treasure; and at night, if some stray cat made a noise, the cat was robbing him. At length the poor man ran to the house of his rich neighbor; “Give me back,” said he, “my sleep and my voice, and take your hundred crowns.”Passage ThreeHow Important Is Money?No one would argue, I think, that money is unimportant. There are certain things that human beings need food, shelter, medical care and these things cost money. But if one has enough money to live on, to pay for the basic essentials of life, is it important to have a lot more money than that? Will your life improve in proportion to the amount of money that you have?Well, there is no denying that money can buy a lot of things. In addition to the necessities of life, a man can even provide himself with the luxuries of life. Maybe you do not need much money to pay for a simple shelter, but how about if you want a nice big apartment in a nice neighborhood, or if you want to buy a house? How about a beautiful car of a well-known make?It is nice to get a little pleasure out of life, a little fun from time to time. Unfortunately, many of the fun things that you can do today cost money.So, is money the road to happiness? Not really. Large numbers of people work every day, work overtime, work weekends, and they make a lot of money. Are they happy? No. They have no time to form or maintain friendship, no time to enjoy themselves. Enjoying means taking things in, taking the time to see, to hear Yet, many people do not take the time to do this. Surely everyone has thought at times, “If I have a lot of money, I could be the happiest person in the world.” It is important to remember, however, that money is only a means to an end, not the end itself.IV. Reading comprehension Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Beauty and body image in the mediaA Images of female bodies are everywhere. Women-and their body parts-sell everything from food to cars. Popular film and television actresses are becoming younger, taller and thinner. Some have been known to faint on the set from lack of food. Womens magazines are full of articles urging that if they can just lose those last twenty pounds, theyll have it all-the perfect marriage, loving children great set, and a rewarding career.B Why are standards of beauty being imposed on women, the majority of whom are naturally larger and more mature than any of the models? The roots, some analysts say, are economic. By presenting and ideal difficult to achieve and maintain, the cosmetic and diet product industries are assured of growth and profits. And its no accident that youth is increasingly promoted, along with thinness, as an essential criterion of beauty. If not all women need to lose weight, for sure theyre all aging, says the Quebec Action Network for Womens Health in its 2001 report. And, according to the industry, age is disaster that needs to be deal with.C The stakes are huge. On the one hand, women who are insecure about their bodies are more likely to buy beauty products, new clothes, and diet aids. It is estimated that diet industry alone is worth anywhere between 40 to 100 billion (U.S) a year selling temporary weight loss (90% to 95% of dieters regain the lost weight). On the other hand, research indicates that exposure to images of him, young, air-brushed female bodies is linked to depression, loss of self-esteem and the development of unhealthy eating habits in women and girls.D The American research group Anorexia Nervosa & Related Eating Disorders, Inc. says that one out of every four college-aged women uses unhealthy methods of weight control-including fasting, skipping meals, excessive exercise, laxative (泻药) abuse, and self-induced vomiting. The pressure to be thin is also affecting young girls: the Canadian Womens Health Network warns that weight control measures are new being taken by girls as young as 5 and 6. American statistics are similar. Several studies, such as one conducted by Marika Tiggemann and Levina Clark in 2006 titled “Appearance Culture in 9- to 12- Year-Old Girls: Media and Peer Influences on Body Dissatisfaction,” indicate that nearly half of all preadolescent girls wish to be thinner, and as a result have engaged in a diet or are aware of the concept of dieting. In 2003, Teen magazine reported that 35 percent of girls 6 to 12 years old have been on at least one diet, and that 50 to 70 percent of normal weight girls believe they are overweight. Overall research indicates that 90% of women are dissatisfied with their appearance in some way. Media activist jean Kilbourne concludes that, “Women are sold to the diet industry by the magazines we read and the television programs we watch, almost all of which make us feel anxious about our weight.”E Perhaps the most disturbing is the fact that media images of female beauty are unattainable for all but a very small number of women. Researchers generating a computer model of a woman with Barbie-doll proportions, for example, found that her back would be too weak to support the weight of her upper body, and her body would be too narrow to contain more than half a liver and a few centimeters of bowel. A real woman built that way would suffer from chronic diarrhea (慢性腹泻) and eventually die from malnutrition. Jill Barad, President of Mattel (which manufactures Barbie), estimated that 99% of girls aged 3 to 10 years old own at least one Barbie doll. Still, the number of real life women and girls who seek a similarly underweight body is epidemic, and they can suffer equally devastating health consequences. In 2006 it was estimated that up to 450,000 Canadian women were affected by an eating disorder.F Researchers report that women magazines have ten and one-half times more ads and articles promoting weight loss than mens magazines do, and over three-quarters of the covers of womens magazines include at least one message about how to change a womans bodily appearance-by diet, exercise or cosmetic surgery. Television and movies reinforce the importance of a thin body as a measure of a womans worth. Canadian researcher Gregory Fouts reports that over three-quarters of the female characters in TV situation comedies are underweight, and only one in twenty are above average in size. Heavier actresses tend to receive negative comments from male characters about their bodies (“How about wearing a sack?), and 80 percent of these negative comments are followed by canned audience laughter.G There have been efforts in the magazines Coup de Pouce has consistently included full-sized women in fashion pages and Chatelaine has pledged not to touch up photos and not to include models less than 25 years of age. In Madrid, one of the worlds biggest fashion capitals, ultra-thin models were banned from the runway in 2006. Furthermore Spain has recently undergone a project with the aim to standardize clothing sizes through using a unique process in which a laser beam is used to measure real life womens bodies in order to find the most true to life measurement.H Another issue is the representation of ethnically diverse women in the media. A 2008 study conducted by Juanita Covert and Travis Dixon titled “A Changing View: Representation and Effects of the Portrayal of Women of Color in Mainstream Womens Magazines” found that although there was an increase in the representation of women of color, overall white women overrepresented in mainstream womens magazines from 1999 to 2004.I The barrage of messages about thinness, dieting and beauty tells “ordinary” women that they are always in need of adjustment-and t