虚拟语气及答案.doc

虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气.判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：与过去事实相反。与现在事实相反。与将来事实可能相反 I: 最基本的虚拟语气句型: 1. 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设，其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过 去式(be 一般用were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。 If places were a like, there would be little need for geographers. 如果各个地方都一样，就不需要地理学家了。 2. 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时 即had过去分词，主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词。 If he had known your address yesterday, he would have telephoned you. 3. 虚拟将来时是表示对将来实现的可能性很小的或不确定的假设。If从句的谓 语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形，主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形。 If he were to leave today, he would get there by Friday 4. 省略if 采用倒装语序的条件句。 有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去，而将had , should, were 等 词 提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。 Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams. Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday. Were I in your place, I wouldnt do that 5. 有时虚拟条件句并没来if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语(otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。 We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. Without you help, I wouldnt have achieved so much. But for your help, I would not have succeeded. II: 虚拟语气在从句中用should的情况: 1. 在建议,要求,命令,想法后的动词后的从句里, 用should + 动词原形, should 可以省略. 如 advise, agree, command, decide, demand, determine, grant, indicate, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, stipulate, suggest, urge, vote. 常考到的是: suggest, advise, demand, require, propose, insist, order, request. His doctor suggested that he (should) take short leave of absence. The author proposed that TV (should) be turned off at least one hour every day. 2. 在建议,要求,命令,想法后的名词后的从句里, 用should + 动词原形, should可以省略. 如 advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation etc. It was Bills suggestion that everyone (should) have a map. His suggestion was that everyone (should) have a map. He gave us a suggestion that everyone (should) have a map. 3. 在It is/was +形容词后的that 从句中用should的结构, should 可以省略. 这类形容词常见的有: advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(绝对必要), impossible, improper, important, natural, necessary, obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, recommended, urgent, vital etc. Its natural that she (should) do so. It is essential that we (should) tell her the news. 4. 在 lest 和 for fear that( 以免) , in case (以防)从句中用should, should 可以省略. She walked quietly lest she (should) wake up her roommates. Have your gun ready in case we should need it. III: wish 后的 that 从句中: 1. 表示现在或将来的愿望,从句中过去式. I wish I knew his address. I wish I were young. 2. 表示过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望, 从句用过去完成式或would, could, might + have + 过去分词. I wish you had written to him. I wish I could have slept longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. 3. 如果将wish改成wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变. 4. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示 对现状不满或希望未来有所改变 或请求 I wish he would answer my letter. I wish prices would come down. I wish you would help me. I wish you would stop asking silly questions. IV: 在 Its about/ high/ first(second, third etc) time 后的that 从句中, 用过去式. 表示 “该是做什么的时候了” It is about time you were in bed. It is high time we left. It is the first time I came here. V: 在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon 后的that从句中, 用过去式或过去完成式, 表示”宁愿做什么” I would rather he came tomorrow than today. John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening. VI: 在if only 感叹句中, 谓语动词与wish宾语从句的虚拟形式相同. If only he didnt drive so fast! (现在) If only she had asked someones advice.(过去) If only the rain would stop.(将来) VII: 在as if / as though 从句中, 表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑, 用过去式; 表示过去想象中的动作或情况, 用过去完成式. He speaks as if he were on the spot. She spoke to me as if I were deaf. This device operated as though it had been repaired. 注: 1. 在 as if / as though 句中, 如果有可能成为事实, 用陈述语气. He looks as if he is going to be ill. 2. 在 insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气. she insists that she is right. she insisted that I should finish the work at once.错综时间的虚拟句 通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的,但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式. IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavetakenhisadvice.(从句指现在,主句指过去)。 换成我是你，我就会听从他的建议。 IfIhadtakenmyraincoatwithmethismorning,Iwouldnotbewetnow.(从句指过去,主句指现在)。如果我今天早上带了雨衣，现在就不会被淋湿了。 Ifwehadntbeenworkinghardinthepastfewyears,thingswouldntbegoingsosmoothly. （从句指过去，主句指现在）。如果过去几年里不努力工作，现在的情况就不会如此顺利了。 Iftheweatherhadbeenmorefavorable,thecropswouldbegrowingstillbetter.（从句指过去，主句指现在）。如果当时的天气更好点，现在的庄稼就会长得更好。 Ifwehadnotgoteverythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingamoreterribletimetomorrow.（从句指现在，主句指将来） 如果现在一切还没准备好，明天情况就更糟了。 三、含蓄条件句 有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,二是暗含在上下文中,比如通过介词短语来表示。这些介词常是：butfor,without,otherwis等。如： Butforyouradvice,Icouldnothavedoneitsosuccessfully. 如果不是听了你的建议，我就不会做的如此成功。 Thechangecouldnothavetakenplacewithouttheopen-doorpolicy. 没有开放的政策，就不会有如此大的变化。 Iwassobusythen,Otherwise,Iwouldhavetoldhimtheanswer. 我当时很忙，否则，我就会把答案告诉他的。 四、虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用 1、wish后的宾语从句（wouldrather(sooner)后也是如此） Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow.我宁愿他们明天来。 HowIwishitwasntrainingnow.如果现在不下雨该多好呀！ IwishIhadnotbeentoyesterdaysparty.我要不去参加昨天的宴会就好了！ 但wouldrather后没有主语则应使用零不定式.英语语法虚拟语气专项练习一、单项选择: 1.If I had had enough time, I_ my work. A.would finishB.must have finishedC.would have finishedD.had finished 2.Ten minutes earlier, they _ the plane. A.will catchB.would catchC.would have caughtD.will have caught 3.Mr Green requires that the students _ a composition every other week. A.write B.writen C.would write D.will write 4.Had he studied hard, he_ the exam. A.would passB.could passC.had passedD.would have passed 5.I wish I _ what is happening there in his room. A.knowB.knownC.knewD.should know 6.It is important that you _ sports every day. A.haveB.would haveC.must haveD.will have 7.If there were no water in the world, everything _. A.will dieB.would dieC.would have diedD.would have been dead 8. _ what was going to happen ,I would never have left her alone. A.Had I knownB.If I knowC.If I knewD.If had I known 9.He ordered that the work _ right away. A.should finishB.finishedC.would be finishedD.be finished 10.Shall we go to the movie tonight? No, Id rather _ at home with our baby. Youd better not leave it to the babysitter at night.A.you stayedB.you stayC.stayedD.stay 11. _ in your position, I would help him. A.Was IB.Were IC.If I amD.If I had been 12.I _, but I was stopped by the heavy rain. A.mean to comeB.meant to comeC.had meant to comeD.meant coming 13.Mrs Black insists_ in that old hotel. A.not to stayB.not stayingC.staying notD.that she not stay 14.If you had spoken clearly, you would_. A.understand itB.have understoodC.be understoodD.have been understood 15.If you _ that late movie last night, you wouldnt be so sleepy. A.havent watchedB.hadnt watchedC.didnt watchD.wouldnt have watched 16.The foreign friend speaks Chinese so well as if he _ a Chinese. A.isB.beC.should beD.was 17.If he _, he_ that food. Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.A.was warned; would not takeB.would be warned; had not takenC.had been warned;would not have takenD.would have been warned; had not taken 18.Without electronic computers, much of todays advanced technology _ achieved. A.will not beB.would not beC.would not have beenD.cannot have been二、用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空: 1.If you _ (arrive) ten minutes earlier, you could have seen them off. 2.Its time that we _ (go) to the railway station. 3.If they_ (not help) us ,our experiment would have failed. 4.Youre five minutes late.I suggested that you _ (come )earlier tomorrow. 5.Mather often tells us that it is necessary that we _ (drink) a glass of water after we get up. 6.She insisted that she_ (send) to work in the faraway small town. 7. _ I not _ (forget) his telephone number,I would have rung him. 8.He is busy now. If he _ (be) free, he_ (go) with you. 9.The manager was in his office then. If he _ (be) here, everything _ (settle) in a minute. 10.Noisy as it was, he went on reading as if nothing _ (happen).三、完成句子1.真想不到我们俩会在这里见面. Its strange that we_here.2.如果没有参加玛丽的生日聚会的话,我们彼此就不会认识了. If we hadnt taken part in Marys birthday party, we_each other.3.这么近的路,我们应该步行到车站来. 是啊,根本没必要乘出租车. We_to the station, it was so near. Yes. A taxi wasnt at all necessary.4.万一明天下雨的话,我们将不得不推迟参观颐和园. _it rain tomorrow, we _to put off the visit to the Summer Palace.四、句型转换1.It is necessary for college students to master at least one foreign language. It is necessary _ college students _ at least one foreign language.2.Without sunlight, there would be neither plants nor animals. _ sunlight, there would be neither plants nor animals.3.She insisted on translating the sentence this way. She insisted that the sentence _ this way.4.The students suggested going there on foot. The students suggested _ there on foot