Issue重点题目提纲 1～150题.doc

Issue重点题目提纲 1150题 作者：发烧2000 来源：太傻网 *1. We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning. 1 *1. 我们通常从与我们意见一致的人那里学到的东西比从与我们意见相悖的人那里学到的东西要多得多；（因为）意见分歧会产生压力并阻碍学习。 BEGIN: The speaker asserts that people are always learning much more from those whose ideas are in accord with them, while, the discord always pose detrimental effects towards the learning process. I concede that the undue disagreement may cause stress and inhibit learning. However, listen to the contradicting view and discussed it with those dissidents will provide the controversialist with more knowledge and a boarder spectrum of perspective. 1、 过分的分歧不好 ( Admittedly, under some circumstance, the contradicting views may impede learning. ) 2、 不同意见能够拓宽人们的视野，让人们了解不同的文化和思想 (Though the contradicting views have certain amount of adverse effects towards the discussions, while the advantages far outweigh them. Firstly, the contradicting views may give us a chance to focus our attention to some alternative perspectives that we have never considered before. ) 3、 不同意见能够提高人们的认识并纠正错误 (Secondly, a broad spectrum of opinion which is provided by those contradicting views enables us to improve our understanding.) END: In sum, every icon has two sides, on the one aspect; one should listen carefully to and tolerate those who hold contradicting views. On the other aspect, one should also have the courage to disagree and defend the right to disagree. Listening to different explanations of issues help us get closer to the truth and more easier come to the best judgment. Thanks to the diversity of this world, we now enjoy a much broader spectrum of opinions than ever before. *4. No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study. 2 *4. 在任何一个学术研究领域，除非有领域之外的人带来他们的知识和经验，否则该领域就不能取得长足的进步。 BEGIN: In todays complex and rapidly changing society, cooperation between various fields of study has become more and more important. Compared with the old form of research that engaged by scientists of single field, the interdisciplinary research not only bring the new methods and ideas into some old disciplines but also caused the emergence of some new mixed subjects, such as geophysics, into this world. 1、 借鉴和利用别的学科的成果为本学科服务能够拓展传统学科的研究领域，地质学和最先进的航天科技相结合，将领域扩展到研究宇宙中各个行星的构造以及矿物成分，地层结构。新兴学科的产生：地球物理学：用物理学的观点方法研究地球。 (Through associating with the outsiders and take advantage of their emergent technology and fruitions, the traditional disciplines can expand their sphere of researching in a much broader scope.) 2、 外部学科的思路和方法还能够为其他学科带来新思路和新方法，现代商业经常借鉴。(The current perspective and methods in some disciplines can also provide the other subjects with the fresh perspectives and ideas.) 3、 借助其他学科长期的积累知识和理论，能够使新兴学科具备较高的起点 ( Nascent disciplines can also gain a much higher start point by borrow the complete systems of knowledge from the classical disciplines which have already accumulated for a long period.) END: In sum, reference and exploit the fruitions and achievement from the outsiders is serve as the main imputes of the most disciplines in era of globalization., and the association between experts from different fields can not only introduced more fresh approaches, solutions, and even created new interdisciplinary fields of study but also will help human beings to extend their research fields into wider range and get better recognition of our life. *5. A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer. 3 *5. 一个国家应该要求所有的学生在进入大学之前都学习由国家统一制定的课程，而不是允许由不同地区的学校去决定自己的教学课程。 BEGIN: Some experts granted the right of selecting curriculum to schools and think it will fit the specific demands for every school, however, by close scrutinizing most aspects of this problem, one can conclude that adopting the unified national curriculum could possess more advantages to the growing of children. 1、 向学生们灌输相同的价值观能够确保所有的学生都学到传统价值观念中的优点(Introducing the unified national curriculums for all the students may have certain amount of positive effects to the entire nation. First of all, inculcating our students with the common grounds and standards shared by all the persons in the nation can ensure all of our students be favored with the opportunity to learn all merits of the traditional values that have been created and tested for a long time by our ancestors.) 2、 集中了全国最著名的学者编撰的国家统一教材能够全面和高质量的满足学生的需要，并使得他们能够站在相同的起跑线上。(In addition, compared with the parochial curriculum which has been determined by the limited teachers in the local area, the unified national curriculum can provide the students in the different part of the nation with the equal opportunity to receive a high quality of education.) 3、 但是，there are two sides for every icon.统一的国家教材也有一些缺陷。首先，对于某些特殊民族和地区，统一的国家教材可能难以满足他们的需要，甚至可能破坏他们的传统习俗和生活方式(While, there are two sides for every icon, the unified national curriculum also pose certain amount of detrimental effects. On the first place, in some special regions where local persons may possess some kind of traditions and customs totally different from the rest of the nation, unduly emphasize the application of the national curriculum may ruin their culture and value system.)。其次，不利于教学创新 (On the second place, the national curriculum also deprive the activity of the local educators to seek some innovations on the selections and determinations of the contend of the curriculum.) 4、 正确的对待国家教材的态度应当是，一方面，国家教材应当专注于基本道德观念和原理的灌输，而其他的方面，比如能力培养等应当是由地方的政府根据自身需要进行。(Overemphasizing either the national government or the parochial leaders role towards the determinations of the national curriculum may falls into a jeopardize situations. On the one hand, the national curriculum should not cover all the aspects of the students growth but place more focus on the fundamental value system and moral standard. On the other hand, each school should try their efforts to inculcate the practical faculty for the students according the detail position of their own.) END: The national curriculum can import our students with the basic idea and concept about this world, including the traditions of the nation, the proper attitude towards emergent things, and so forth. However, the adverse effects of the national curriculum should also be compensated by giving the additional course according to the concrete situations. The twin ideas of primary education, preservation of the culture and prepare for the future, have been fulfilled by the associations of the national curriculum and the parochial course. *7. The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records. 4 *7. 摄像机可以如此精确有力地记录当代人们的生活，因此它已经成为比纸笔记录更重要的记录方式。 BEGIN: Though, the application of video camera as the means of recording can provide more accurate and convincing of contemporary life, it is still too gratuitous to conclude that the video documentation will take the place of written records in a foreseeable future. Besides, close scrutiny shows that each of these two recording methods has its advantages and foibles, only through the collaboration can give the next generation a perfect record of the human history. 1、 数码相机好。(The video documentation, as the result of advanced digital technology, introduces many new innovations in the recording of contemporary society and peoples lives.)首先，后代可以更清楚地了解以前的事情 (First of all, the video camera makes it possible for descendants to learn the events more vivid and directed. People can see what happened by themselves rather than to read the story written by their ancestor and postulate the spectacle of the events.)此外，数码媒体占地更小 。这些对于文字来说都是不可能的(All this is impossible for written records, people have to use their writing skills to record what he saw, and in most of the cases, each person has different descriptions about the same evens, not only because the various literary style of the authors but also for the different standpoint for these writer to memories.) 2、 文字媒体好 (However, the shortcomings of video media also make it impossible to use in every circumstance of recording. On the one hand, the video document can only applied in the recording of the real events, such as some accidents. It is hardly to give people a general summary and more detail descriptions of certain issue in a relatively short period.) 3、 最后，两者各有所长，还能取长补短：需要再现场景（scene）用照片；需要记录相关事实，挖掘内在含义，用文字；很多情况下，照片和文字结合使用，图文并茂（the picture and its accompanying essay are both excellent）才能完整的描述一件事情。 END: In sum, the video documents have provided people with an innovative approach of recording and also give the descendants the opportunity to retrospect to the past events in a more vivid way. But without the written records, it is impossible for people to gain the general spectrum about history. So these two media should compensate with each other, only in this way can we preserve the contemporary society and peoples lives in a complete way for our next generation. *8. It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public. 5 *8. 政治领导人在公众面前有所保留通常是必要的，甚至是有益的。 BEGINE: In most of the democratic nations, people have the right to know any information about the nation and the leaders, while, under some circumstance, it is necessary for the government to withhold some information that concerning the national security or may hamper the overall interest of the society when public. Close scrutiny shows that overstate either the importance of the public transparence or the significance of the government to withhold the information may falls into an endangered position. 1、 公开一些人们关心以及涉及到人们利益的信息，不光能够加强政府和人们之间的交流，还可以促进人们积极执行政府的政策和决定。(Providing the citizens with the opportunity for learning most of the information they need and concern may contribute the management of the government towards the entire society.) 首先，能促进人们和政府的了解，人民更支持政府并积极执行政策；其次，能够吸引人民参政，为政府出点子，增强人们爱国心(Making the information transparent will provide more beneficial effects in the democratic society.) 2、 但是，过分的公开信息，尤其是涉及到国家安全的信息，会带来危害。(However, some information, especially those concerning the security of the nation and may have potential possibility to leads the jeopardize situations, should be withhold by the government in order to maintain the order of the entire society.) 其外，对于政府的一些秘密计划，如果公开会毫无用处。(secret project) (If the governments strategy to thwart deliberate plans of the international terrorist or a drug trafficker has been disclosed before it has been acted, no useful purposes can be achieve ultimately) 3、 相反的，过度的隐瞒信息也会使得政府难以和群众取得沟通，并可能最终破坏民主的根基(While, on the other hand, distribute the government with the rights to freely conceal the information may also ruin the philosophical underpinnings of the democratic climate) END: In sum, though publishing most of the information to the citizen can not only encourage public to pay the tax but also enable all the people have the opportunity to supervise the management of the government, keeping some of the message concerning our national security should be permitted in order to maintain the normal order of our society. Only in this way can we take the steps towards the future thrive of our society. *10. Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nations cultural traditions are preserved and generated. 6 *10. 政府必须确保给予主要城市发展所需的财政支持，因为一个国家的文化传统主要发源于并保留在城市中。 To preserve and generate a nations culture traditions is one of the major tasks for the government. The development of the cradle of the culture various considerably, some may developed as cities and the others may be remained on the rural area. In recent yeas, with the trend of globalization in the city has become more and more manifest, people should give more attention on the rural area where the influence of the outsider efforts have much less than the city. 1、 在当今的全球化时代，大城市更应当被看作是各个民族相互交流和了解的舞台，而不是作为文明的发源地。尽管，各个民族的发源地并不相同，有的在rural area有的则在大城市，但是大城市作为经济和政治发展的中心，各个民族和文化都回汇聚于此，因此已经很难作为文明的发源地而予以保护了。In todays process of globalization, the big cities have no longer be regarded as the breeding ground of the single form of the traditional culture, but the platform which make the different cultures possible to understand and communicated one another. For one thing, the urban area has played a much larger part in the human world. 2、 相比之下，政府应当投入更多的精力和资金在rural area因为那里交通相对落后，人们对外交流有限，所以能够保留相对完整的习俗和传统。此外，那里的经济相对不发达，政府通过资助是那里的文明作为paradigm保留下来，不光能够带动那里的经济，也能够将本国的文化延续下去。 3、 Rural area和城市都应当在保留文明和传统中发挥重要作用。城市是舞台，rural area是源头和保留地。欠发达地区是文化的源头，大城市是文化的大海，两者都很重要：政府要从经济中心的角度去建设大城市，而不是直接的物质援助；要从保护文化传统的角度去直接支援欠发达地区，并鼓励他们走上大舞台。 *11. All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the worlds most persistent social problems. 7 *11. 所有的国家应共同支持建立一所全球性大学，让学生们参与到解决世界上最持久、难以解决的社会问题的过程中。 In recent ages, human civilization has not only achieved a great improvement in most of the fields but also generated numerous society problems. Some of these problems would make it impossible for human race to live in this world if it were not solved as soon as possible. So, the suggestion of building a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the persistent social problems is very meaningful and should be supported by all the nations in the world. 第一 世界各国尽管具体情况不同，但是存在很多共同的问题，共同探讨很有价值：很多问题有相同的根源；比较研究；不同角度看问题找办法。A global university could help to solve mutual problems that different country faced and help to find a common ground or reach a consensus in the human world. e.g. pollution, the depletion of atmospheric ozone. 第二 很多问题由于世界各国的看法不一致产生矛盾，共同研究利于增进了解：文化冲突；环境污染；战争。The global university also provides different nations with a platform that can learn the difference and standpoint of one another, and thereby contributes to the solutions and mitigating the conflicts. 第三 建立这样一所大学需要注意一些问题，才有利于产生真正有价值的研究结果，为世界造福：相互尊重观点；保持客观的态度。While, there are two sides for ever icon, a global university also poses certain risks which may exacerbate some pressing international problems. (1) 可能忽视地方问题neglecting the parochial problems. (2) Some of the problems in the global university, such as the unfairly distribution of the limited resource, may easily spell some discordance among nations. 第四 此外，全球性的大学还应当积极地吸收和听取各国的声音，尽可能的减少政治上带来的影响 Furthermore, the global university also needs to hear different sound and make every nation possible to gain a equal opportunity to participate in the solutions of the problems and at the same time, share the mutual fruitions of the research. *13. Many of the worlds lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of the countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct. 8 *13. 许多世界上鲜为人知的语言由于越来越少的人使用正处于消失的边缘。使用这些语言的国 家应该采取措施防止这些语言绝迹。 1、 首先，进化论的观点来看，任何领域都存在the survival of the fittest，因此鲜为人知的语言的灭亡是必然过程。 2、 但是，和生物界一样，人类社会同样需要保持多样性，首先，能够从语言中看出文化和历史的痕迹，得到不同的文化和思想 3、 不同民族的祖先的时间能够为后人提供借鉴，取其精华，去其糟粕 4、 总之，对于那些语言确实具有历史文化方面的研究价值，政府应当支持对于语言本身的研究和文献的保存，对于是否有很多人用这个问题，政府不需要干预。需要进博物馆的就让它被好好的保存在博物馆供有兴趣的人研究吧。 总结。 *16. Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals. 9 *16. 尽管很多人认为现代生活的奢华和便利是丝毫没有坏处的，但是这实际上让人们无法成为真正强大和独立的个体。 BEGIN: There are two sides to every icon. Though, people tend to draw a definite conclusion about this issue; both advantages and disadvantages exert a profound influence in the evolution of human civilization. 1、 追求奢侈和舒适的生活是社会发展的动力之一。(First of all, no one can deny, in todays economic world, the attraction of the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life severed as the main motives for most of the individuals, especially those who are born in poverty.) 首先，奢侈和豪华的生活能够提供人们想要的一切 (For one thing, the luxurious life provides you with the best that the technological advanced society has to offer. Chatting with people all around the world through the internet, enjoying the entertaining show on the television, living a leisure life without weariness, to achieve all these comforts seems impossible to most of the people, but this has become one of the things that almost all the contemporary individuals are busily engaged in seeking. All sorts of the conveniences of the luxurious life that showed by those who have already possess such kind of living condition will also entice more and more people to pursue their employment actively and try their efforts to enhance the performance in their work. From this aspect, the conveniences of contemporary life are served as a catalyst for the progress of the society.) 2、 奢侈的生活也有弊端，或让已经达到某个生活水准的人不思上进 (The adverse effects of the luxurious life in todays society always are the counteractive effect which reduced the enthusiasm of those who attained certain level of living conditions to keep their efforts. )就像糖一样，不光会让你绝的快乐，还会使你过去觉得平常的事情觉得苦涩 3、 尽管奢侈生活有弊端，但是通过政府的正确引导就一定会起到促进社会发展的作用(Though the luxurious life may, to some extent, obstruct the progress of human evolution, it also possible to prohibit these adverse effects and, at the same time, exploit the positive aspects, if a set of proper measures have been introduced by the government.) END: In summary, the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life tend to spoil people, however, the positive advantage also contribute to the progress of our society. So keeping the proper attitudes is become