(打印)代词讲义.doc

代词讲义一、人称代词、物主代词与反身代词I人称代词1.人称代词时指人或事物的代词。顾名思义，人称代词的主格在句子中作主语，人称代词的宾格在句子中作动词或介词的宾语。You, she and I must do as much as we can to make our group better.The teacher praised him, not me.2.人称代词的排列顺序:单数是you, she/he, I;复数是we, you, they;人和动物: I and my dog3.部分人称代词有一些特殊的用法：A.用we, you, they来指代一个集体或泛指“大家”He understands that their friendship is about feelings and that we must give as much as we take.You have to be careful when you want to make friends online.Every person has the right to know, but they dont always know it.B.可用they代替everybody, anybody等不定代词在口语中，可用they, them,their来代替一些不定代词Everyone wants higher marks, dont they?If anyone calls, tell them Ill be back at six.When everyone has taken their seats, the meeting will begin.C.作表语或单独使用时常用宾语在口语中，人称代词的宾格可用作表语，在对话中甚至可用作主语If I were him, I would accept the invitation.-Who is going to drive?-Me.D.谚语中常用he来表示一类人英语中有很多谚语，格言用he who/that.结构来表示。这里的he相当于anyone,关系代词who/that引导的定语从句表示的是条件。He who does not advance loses ground.He laughs best who laughs last.He who keeps company with a wolf will learn to howl.He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a tree man.E.She和he有拟人的用法人称代词she可表示国家、城市或人们所喜爱的车辆等交通工具以及猫，鸟等；he可用来表示狗、大象等。China will always do what she has promised to do.Whats wrong with the car?Be careful of that dog. He sometimes bites.人称代词he或she有时可用作名词或形容词，表示婴儿或动物的性别What a beautiful child! Is it a he or a she?That was a she wolf.1. I intended to compare notes with a friend, but unfortunately _ couldnt spare me even one minute.A. they B. one C.who D. It2.-Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard. -Why _ ?John is sitting there doing nothing.A. him B. he C.I D. meII.物主代词1.物主代词的用法：物主代词是表示所属关系的代词，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。形容词性物主代词在句子中作定语，名词性物主代词可作主语、表语或宾语。Its none of your business, the young man said rudely. _性物主代词作_Whats wrong with the car? _性物主代词作_If you cant find your cellphone, use mime.2.物主代词的一些固定搭配A.名词性物主代词常与of连用，构成双重所有格That friend of yours had no respect for the aged.B.形容词性物主代词常与own连用The writer has his own sense of humor.Ive been living my own sense February. 3.书信等礼貌用语Give my greetings to her and hers.Your faithfully=Faithfully yoursIII.反身代词反身代词是人称代词的反身形式。反身代词在句中可用作动词或介词的宾语或用来表示强调。1.作及物动词或介词的宾语，表示自己承受自己发出的动作。Its not your fault. You shouldnt blame yourself.She locked at herself in the mirror again and again.2.作同位语，表示强调You yourself said he was a cheat.We have often made such mistakes ourselves.3.反身代词不能单独作主语，但有时可用在另一名词后并列作主语My friends and myself were invited to the party.4.英语中有许多惯用语中含有反身代词enjoy oneself help oneself tomake oneself at home introduce oneselfdevote oneself to make oneself understoodexpress oneself behave oneselfgive oneself away teach oneselfcome to oneself read oneself to sleepkeep sth to oneself not be/feel oneselfbeside oneself with joy 得意忘形by oneself二、相互代词与指示代词表示相互关系的代词叫作相互代词，表示“这个”“那个”“这些”“那些”等指示概念的代词叫作指示代词。I.相互代词的用法1.相互代词只有each other和one another两个，在句中作动词或介词的宾语。传统语法认为，两人或两物之间用each other，两个以上的人或物之间用one another，但两者并没有什么区别。They all took several photos of one another.People of different cultures have always copied each other.2.相互代词的所有格是each others或one anothersWe are interested in one anothers work.Jeff and Flora looked into each others face with a look of fright.II.指示代词的用法指示代词有单复数形式，除了this, that, these和those外，such和the same也可用作指示代词。1.that/those常指前面提到过的内容，this/these既可指代前面提到过的内容，也可指代下文将要讲到的内容，以避免重复，并起承上启下的作用。The question is this: who will bell the cat?To be or not to be: that is the question.2.为了避免重复,that和those可分别用来指代上文所提及的名词单数和复数。Young mens way of thinking is different from that of old people.Organic vegetables are those that are grown without chemicals that can be harmful to human beings or the environment.3.在打电话时，this指我，that指你。Whos that speaking?This is Mary speaking.4.this表示“后者”(=the latter),that表示“前者”(=the former)Of the two possibilities, this is more likely than that.Friendship is more valuable than money; this cannot give so much pleasure as that.5.those后可接定语从句表示一类人，在意思上 anyone,但those who后的谓语动词需用复数，而anyone who后的谓语动词用单数Those who break the law shall be punished.6.such和the same起名词作用时相当于指示代词Such is my wish.Take such as you need.The same is the case with me.I would do the same again.Few pleasures can equal _ of a cool drink on a hot day.A. some B. any C.that D. those三、疑问代词与关系代词疑问代词主要用来构成疑问句，还可以引导名词性从句。关系代词主要是用来引导定语从句，它代替先行词，并在从句中充当一定的成分。I.疑问代词的用法疑问代词有who, whom, whose, what, which等。1.置于句首，用来构成特殊疑问句What would you like to buy?Whose bicycle are you going to borrow?2.引导名词性从句Everyone should do what he thinks is right.I dont know to whom I ought to address the request.*which和whatwhich和what所指的范围不同。What所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一定的范围内Which magazines do you like best?What magazines do you like best?II.关系代词关系代词用来引导定语从句，修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句Children who always get what they ask for never learn to be patient.I want to find someone with whom I can discuss such things.The girl whose work got the prize is the youngest in her class.The river which flows through London is the Thames.Shanghai Jin Mao Building is the tallest building that I have ever seen.He says he never tells a lie, which is a lie.4、 不定代词不定代词并不明确指代任何特定的东西，而是泛指一般的人或事物。英语中大部分不定代词都可以用作形容词或副词。I.不定代词的种类1. 表示数量的不定代词表示数量的不定代词有some, any, no, none, many, much, few, a few, little, a little, each, every, one, all, both, either, neither, other, another等。2. 复合不定代词复合不定代词由some, every, any, no加-one,-body,-thing构成，如someone, somebody, something,anyone, anybody,anything, no one, no body, nothing等。II.部分不定代词的用法1. oneOne用作不定代词时，代替不特定的人或物，其复数形式是ones,翻身代词是oneself,物主代词是onesOne should do ones duty.Her new walkman is more expensive than the one she had before.My shoes are similar to the ones you had on yesterday.One should not live for oneself alone.2. allAll指人或其他可数的对象时谓语用复数形式，指不可数对象谓语用单数形式。All of the students have filled in the form.All were silent about what had happened.All was quiet and still.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made _ from some wood we had.A. it B. one C.himself D. another3.none, no one, nobody与nothingnone具有名词的性质，不仅可以指人，也可以指物，在句中可作主语，宾语或同位语。作主语表示“所有的都不”时，谓语动词用复数：表示“其中一个也不”或指代物质名词时，动词用单数。no one通常只用来指人，语气比none强，但不和of短语连用。nobody与on one同义，但语气没有no one强。nothing表示泛指，意思是“什么也没有”。None of us are perfect.-Is there any water? -No, there is none.-How much salt did you buy yesterday? -None.No one in our class failed the exam.She likes nobody and nobody likes her.Theres nothing in the room.4. each, every与eithereach指每个人或事物的个别情况，相当于汉语的“每个”“各个”“每一的”，在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every虽有“每个”的意思，但常从整体出发，强调全体，意为“每个都”在句中作定语。either指两个中的任何一个。Each has his own task.Our teacher gave each of us a present. They each have different opinions about it.Every day is a new opportunity, and I have learned to appreciate every minute of each day.Each half is the same; you can take either of them.5. another, other, others与the otheranother泛指三者或三者以上的“另一个”，在句中作主语、宾语和定语，只指代可数名词单数。other泛指其余的人或物，复数是others, 其所有格形式分别为others(单数)和others(复数)。当other之前加定冠词the时，特指整体中除去一部分后所剩余的全部，意为“其余所有的人或物”；the other还可以特指两者中的另一个，构成one.the other结构I dont like the dictionary. Show me another.Theres room for another three people in the back of the bus.We should have consideration for the rights of others.Two kids arrived. Whare are the others?五、it的用法1.人称代词it人称代词it，常用来代替上文已提过的一件事物。It也可以指人，常用来指代婴儿或较年幼的小孩。当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时，也可用it来表示。That vase is valuable. Its more than 200 years old.Its a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl?2.无人称代词it无人称代词it可用作没有具体意义的主语，常出现于表示天气、