初二上-语言点小结.doc

初二上 2013-09-11Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation?1. anyone, any one(1) anyone 意为“任何人”，只用于指人，后面不可跟“of”短语，用作主语或宾语，谓语动词用单数形式。Is there anyone at home? 有人在家吗？(2) any one 意为“任何一个”， 可以指人也可以指物，用来表明只限一个，后面常跟of短语。 You may take any one of these books. 你可以从这些书中任选一本。2. a few, few, a little, little, quite a few, quite a little(1) a few意为“有几个，有一些”，修饰可数名词。 He has a few friends here. 他在这有一些朋友。(2) few 意为“很少，几乎没有”，倾向于否定，修饰可数名词。Few people liked taking trains at that time. 当时很少有人喜欢乘坐火车。(3) a little 意为“有一点，有一些”，修饰不可数名词。 There is a little milk left in the bottle. 瓶子里还剩一点儿牛奶。(4) little 意为“很少，几乎没有”，倾向于否定，修饰不可数名词。 There is little food in the fridge. 冰箱里几乎没有什么吃的东西了。(5) quite a few/quite a little 都表示“相当多，不少”，前者修饰可数名词，后者修饰不可数名词。There are quite a few people at the bus stop waiting for the bus. 在公共汽车站有相当多的人在等车。Theres still quite a little milk in that bottle. 那个瓶子里还有不少牛奶。3. the most, most, a most(1) “the mostadj.n.”结构中，most是副词，表示程度，意为“最”，与其后的形容词一起构成形容词的最高级。He is the one of the most famous writers in China. 他是中国最著名的作家之一。(2) “mostn.”与“mostofn.”中，most意为“大部分”。作主语时谓语动词的数的形式取决于该结构中的名词。Most students like English.大多数学生喜欢英语。Most of his friends are away for the moment. 他的大多数朋友目前不在这里。(3) “a mostadj.n.”的结构中，most是副词，意为“很，非常”（=very），用来修饰它后面的形容词。Guilin is a most beautiful city.桂林是一座非常美丽的城市。4. seem(1) 主seem(to be)表Tom seems (to be) a very clever boy. 汤姆看上去是一个非常聪明的孩子。(2) It seemsthat从句It seems that he is happy today. 今天他似乎很高兴。(3) 主seem不定式I seem to have caught a cold. 我好像是感冒了。(4) It seems that.句型= sb. seem to do sth.It seems that he understands the meaning of the word.= He seems to understand the meaning of the word.(5) It seems后面除了可接that从句外，还可以接as if 引导的从句。It seems as if the man over there had been drunk. 那边那个人好像喝醉酒了。5. at the top of: “在顶端/最上方，名列之前”（at 强调在某个点上） on (the) top of: “在上面”，(on 强调在一个面上)6. below, under(1) below指位置低于某物或在某物的下方，但不一定在某物的正下方，反义词是above。Please write down your name below the line. 请在线下写下你的名字。(2) under常表示在某物的正下方，有“垂直向下”的意思，反义词是over。 The dog is under the table. 狗在桌子下面。(3) 表示年龄、数量多少时，可以互用。 The boy is below/ under ten. 这个男孩不到十岁。7much too 太中心词是too，修饰adj./adv.This dish is much too salty.too much 太多的中心词是much，修饰UnThere was too much work for one person.too many 太多的中心词是many，修饰CnsI have too many questions to ask.so many 如此多的中心词是many，修饰CnsThere are so many cars in the street here.8.（1）so that意为“如此以至于”，可以换成四种简单句。 当that从句是否定结构，that从句的主语与主句的主语相同时，可用tooto替换。 My son is so young that he cant go to school. = My son is too young to go to school. 当that从句是否定结构，that从句的主语与主句的主语不相同时，可用toofor sb. to do替换。The suit was so expensive that I could not buy it. = The suit was too expensive for me to buy. 当that从句是肯定结构，that从句的主语与主句的主语相同时，可用enough to do替换。The boy ran so quickly that he won the race. = The boy ran quickly enough to win the race. 当that从句是肯定结构，that从句的主语与主句的主语不相同时，可用enough for sb. to do替换。He ran so slowly that I could catch up with him.= He ran slowly enough for me to catch up with him.(2) so that用作连词短语，不可分开，意为“以便，为的是”，引导目的状语从句/结果状语从句。They climbed higher so that they might see farther.(3) such that引导结果状语从句，such后跟名词/名词性词组，句型结构“sucha/anadj. 单数Cnthat从句”，“suchadj.Cns /Unthat从句”。It is such an important meeting that we cant miss it.9. (1) go on doing sth. 表示“（停顿以后）继续做原来所做的事”或“不停地做原来在做的那件事”。 Now lets go on writing. / It was raining, but the farmer went on working (= kept on working) in the field.(2) go on to do sth. 表示“做了某事后，接着做另一件事”，即“进而（去做）”之意。After reading the letter, she went on to write a reply.(3) go on with sth. 表示“间断后做原来没有做完的事”，with后接名词，不能接动词ing形式。 After a rest, they went on with the work.Unit 2 How often do you exercise?1. hard, hardly(1) hard（adj./adv.） adj. “困难的，硬的，勤奋的，严厉的，苛刻的” adv. “努力地，猛烈地，剧烈地”This ground is too hard to dig. 这块地太硬，挖不动。They worked hard to succeed. 他们努力工作以求得成功。(2) hardly（adv.）意为“几乎不，几乎没有”。almost和否定词的组合可与hardly互换。Theres hardly any coffee left. = Theres almost no coffee left.2. ever（adv.）(1) 用于肯定句中，意为“常常，总是”。 He is ever ready to help his friends.(2) 用于含有比较级或最高级的句子中，意为“在以往任何时候”，用来加强语气。 It is raining harder than ever.(3) 用于特殊疑问句中，意为“究竟，到底”。 Which ever do you want?3. maybe, may(1) maybe (adv.)，意为“也许，可能”，在句中作状语，相当于perhaps,常位于句首。 Maybe/ Perhaps the weather will get better.(2) 在may be 中，may是情态动词，be是动词原形，两者构成完整的谓语形式，意为“也许是，可能是”。Maybe hes wrong. = He may be wrong.4. go +v.ing(1) 用来表示从事或进行某种文娱、体育或消遣的活动或其他短暂性或特殊场合的活动。go fishing/ swimming/ boating/ hunting/ skiing/ camping/ hiking/ bike riding(2) go与v.ing之间无修饰词，但将go改为do，则中间要加上修饰词the/ some等。do some shopping, do some cleaning5. how often, how long, how soon, how many times(1) how often意为“多久一次”，是对在某段时间内进行某个动作的频率提问，答语通常是never, sometimes等表示频率的副词或短语，常用于一般现在时或一般过去时。How often do you go to the movies?Once a week.(2) how long意为“多久，多长时间”，是对一段时间提问，答语通常是 (for) three days/ weeks/ months等时间段，可用于多种时态。How long do you stay in Beijing every year？(3) how soon意为“还要多久”，是对从某个基本时间到将来某个动作结束或发生的这段时间提问，答语通常是“in+一段时间”，常用于一般将来时中。How soon will you finish the work?In half an hour.(4) how many times意为“多少次”，它最易与how often混淆。how many times既不询问时间，也不询问单位时间内动作发生的频率，只询问次数，即“多少次”，常对once, twice, three times等提问。How many times did you go to Shanghai?Oh, four times.6. 时间介词on, in, at, foron用于具体指某一天。指日期。某天某段时间。具体某天。纪念日。节日。on May 1ston the morning of the last Mondayon a cold winter morningon Teachers Dayin用在月份/季节/年代/世纪前和in the morning/ afternoon/ evening等固定短语中，及表示在某段时间内/后。in summerin the 20th centuryIt two oclock. Ill come in an hour.at用在表示确切的时间点。在某时辰。在某时刻。用于年龄。at nine oclockat midnightat this time at the age of 20for接一段时间He was away for three days.7. sometimes, sometime, some times, some timesometimes 有时（adv.）(= at times) 表示频率，与一般现在时或过去时连用。Sometimes he goes to school by bike.sometime 在某个时候表示“某时，有朝一日，日后”等意思，常与将来时/过去时连用，表示将来或过去某个不确定的时间。Ill go there sometime in August.some times 几次、几倍表示次数或倍数。I have been to Beijing some times.some time 一段时间是名词词组。I stayed here for some time.8. everyday, every dayeveryday (adj.) “日常的，普通的，每天的”，作定语，相当于daily。Lets begin with everyday English,every day (n.-ph.)“每天，天天”，有时也指“一天天地”，作状语。I do morning exercises every day.9. in, by, with, through(1) in表示使用某种语言。用某种方式。用墨水、颜料等原料或材料，且名词前不加冠词。Can you sing the song in English?They talked in a low voice.You