讲义名词86.doc

学员姓名辅导科目英语年 级授课教师课 题名词授课时间2015.8.6 15.00-17.00教学目标掌握名词的分类、可数名词的单复数形式、不可数名词的用法、名词所有格及名词作定语的用法重点、难点名词的应用考点及考试要求语法填空、词汇运用、作文教学内容什么是名词？名词 ：名词是表示人,事物,地点等名称 一名词的分类 名词按其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。1专有名词专有名词指表示具体的人物、地点、机构、组织、国家或地区等的名称的名词，首字母一般大写，如Alice，Australia，January等。2普通名词普通名词指表示一类人/物或一个抽象概念的名词，如worker，machine，information等。普通名词的分类：练习一、将下列名词归类noodle, chalk, bread, pie, weather, pen, second, parent,newspaper, water, meat, factory, present, computer, furniture,lemonade, friend, person, advice, promise, gold, English1可数名词：_2不可数名词：_二可数名词有单数和复数之分。1单数名词表泛指，通常在前面加冠词 a/an。如：a man, an old man。2可数名词由单数形式变为复数形式，其构成方法分为规则的和不规则的两种。(1)规则变化一般名词直接加-s。如：catcats roseroses girlgirls以“辅音字母y”结尾的名词，变 y 为 i 再加-es。如：babybabies countrycountries familyfamiliescitycities factoryfactories partyparties以“元音字母y”结尾的名词，直接加-s。如：daydays toytoys keykeysholidayholidays boyboys monkeymonkeys以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词加-es。如：busbuses brushbrushes matchmatches bossbossesclassclasses watchwatches以 o 结尾的名词可能加-s，也可能加-es。大部分有生命的加es,无生命的加s。以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词，通常先变 f 或 fe 为 v 再加-es。注意：有少数以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词构成复数时，只加-s，如：roofs, gulfs, chiefs 等。(2)不规则变化(需记忆)改变字母变复数。如：manmen womanwomen fishermanfishermen mouse mice footfeet表示“某国人”的名词单数变复数：i中国人 (Chinese)、日本人 (Japanese)、瑞士人 (Swiss) 单复数同形。ii.英国/法国人改 a 为 e。如：EnglishmanEnglishmen FrenchmanFrenchmeniii.其他以-an, -ian 结尾的各国人直接加-s。如：American(s),German(s), Russian(s), Australian(s), Indian(s), Korean(s)。(3) 特殊的复数形式有些名词通常只有复数形式，用作主语时谓语动词用复数 ， 如 ： trousers, pants, shorts, socks, glasses ( 眼 镜 ), clothes,chopsticks, scissors, goods 等。这类名词用来表示数量时，常需加 pair, suit 等量词。如：a pair of trousers, two pairs of socks, a suit of clothes。有些名词单复数同形。如：sheep, deer, people, means, fish（鱼）集体名词表示由若干个体组成的集合体，如：police,people, class, family, team, group, audience, cattle 等。当这类词强调每一个个体成员时，是复数概念，作主语时谓语动词用复数；如果强调整个团体，则视为单数概念，作主语时谓语动词用单数。但 furniture, equipment, clothing 等此类集体名词是不可数名词，作主语时谓语动词用单数。由两个名词组成的复合名词变复数时，通常只需将后面这个名词变复数。如：two apple trees, shoe shops, ten boy students,girl friends, twin sisters。但是，由 man, woman 作前置定语构成的复合名词变复数时，man 或 woman 与后面的名词都要变复数。如：two men teachers, some women doctors。注意：（1)有些名词的单复数形式的意义不同。如：two fishes 两种鱼类two fish 两条鱼 some people 一些人 some peoples 一些民族(2) 有些名词形式上是复数，但意义上是单数，一般看作单数名词。如：news, mathematics/maths, physics, politics, the United States, Niagara Falls 等。(3) 部分名词在固定词组中用复数thanks to幸亏，由于；shake hands with与握手；make preparations for为作准备 练习：选择( ) 1. They are from _ . Theyre _. A. Germany; Germans B. Germans ; Germany C. German; Germany D. Germany; Germen( ) 2. -Could you take _ for these_? - They are very beautiful. A. any photos; tomatoes B. some photos ; tomatoes C. some photos; tomatos D. any photo; tomatoes( ) 3. How many _ are there in the international village? A. Chinese B. Russian C. American D. Germen写出下列名词的复数形式1规则变化：half_ classmate_ family_ factory_ baby_photo_ match_ cup_ glass_ park_hero_ nife_ life_2不规则变化：goose_ people_ sheep_ woman_ child_tooth_ deer_ 三不可数名词1不可数名词：一般指物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词等，没有复数形式，其前不用冠词 a/an 或数词。常见的不可数名词有：food, meat, fish, chicken, pork, beef,mutton, drink, orange, milk, tea, coke, water, rice, bread, homework, news, paper, ice, rain, snow, wind, air, weather, work,information信息；progress进步，进展；knowledge知识；fun乐趣，快乐；equipment设备；furniture家具；wealth财富；damage损坏；traffic交通，车辆及行人；baggage/luggage行李；homework家庭作业；housework家务；luck运气；beer啤酒；cake蛋糕等 注意：有些名词有两个或两个以上不同的意思，其中一个意思表示不可数名词，另外一个表示可数名词。如：room 空间，余地，地方Can you make room for the old woman? a room 一间房间 There are five rooms here.paper“报纸, 试卷”，可数Please help me hand out the papers“纸张”，不可数Please give me a piece of paper.glass 玻璃Glass can be made into bottles a glass 一个玻璃杯There are two glasses of milk on the table. glasses 眼镜orange 橙子汁Would you like another bottle of orange? an orange 一个橙子 There are a few oranges on the tree.chicken 鸡肉Help yourself to some chicken. a chicken 一只小鸡 I think chickens can swim.drink 饮料a drink 一份饮料fish 鱼(肉)fishes 鱼的种类time 时间 Lets hurry! Theres little time left.times 时代，次数 We have meals three times a day.experience “经历”，可数 It is a wonderful experience to travel to Beijing. “经验”，不可数He has much experience after working so many years.hair “几根头发”，可数My mother has some white hairs.“指整个头发”，不可数Kates hair is long.work“作品”，可数The works of Luxun(鲁迅)are very popular.“工作”，不可数I have a lot of work to do today.exercise“练习”，可数Doing morning exercises is good for your health.“锻炼”，不可数You must take enough exercise.1. What can I do for you?Err, I want a glass of milk, some bread and_. A. some chickens B. any chickens C. some chicken2.Would you like some _? -Yes, please. Im a little thirsty. A. bread B. meat C. beef D. orange3.If you dont take more _, youll get fat. A. medicine B. exercise C. lessons4.Could you move over a little and make some _ for me? -Sure, please. A. place B. seat C. room D. ground5.He had something to write down and asked me for _.A. a paper B. some papers C. some pieces of papers D. a piece of paper6.I have _ to do this evening. A. a lot of works B. many work C. a lot of work D. some works7.Youd better do morning _ every day. Its good to do lots of _.A. exercise, exercise B. exercises, exercise C. exercise, exercises D. exercises, exercises8.Do you like _? -No. I prefer rose, the color of your dress. A. orange B. oranges C. carrot D. carrots2 不可数名词量的表示(1) 不能与 a/an 或数字直接连用，但特指某物时可与 the 连用。(2) 前面可加“数词/冠词量词(可数)of”。如：a piece of paper/bread/news一张纸/一片面包/一则新闻two small bowls of rice 两小碗米饭注意：加在不可数名词前的量词是可数的，所以当数词大于 1时，量词要变为复数形式。如：wo cups of tea/coffee 两杯茶/咖啡three glasses of water 三杯水four pieces of advice 四条建议可数名词有时也可以用“数词/ 冠词量词( 可数) of”结构来表示数量。请区别：two boxes of chalk 两盒粉笔 two boxes of pears 两箱梨3 不可数名词前可用 much, little, a little, a lot of/lots of,some, any 等表示量。如：some/much money 一些/很多钱a lot of information 许多信息四名词所有格名词所有格用来表示名词和名词之间的所属关系。1有生命的名词的所有格(1)一般名词(不以-s 结尾)的所有格是在词尾加“s ”。如：Lilys father 莉莉的爸爸 mothers birthday 母亲的生日Childrens Day 儿童节 mens clothes 男式服装(2)以-s 或-es 结尾的名词，无论是单数还是复数，其所有格只需在后面加“”。如：the doctors office 医生办公室 the bus door 公交车的门(3)表示“两者(或以上)共同所有”时，只需在最后一个名词后加“s ”；若表示“两者(或以上)各自拥有”时，要在每一个名词后都加“s ”。如：Lucy and Lilys room 露西和莉莉的房间(共同所有，只有一个房间，room 用单数)Lucys and Lilys rooms 露西的房间和莉莉的房间(各自拥有一个房间，room 用复数)(4) 在表示“某人的家”、“某种从业者的工作地点(如店铺、诊所、餐馆等)”的名词所有格后面，一般省掉它所修饰的名词。如：at Mr.Whites (house) 在怀特先生家 at the barbers (shop) 在理发店at the doctors (office) 在医生的诊所(5) 双重所有格：在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不 定 代词 或 指 示 代词 ( 如 a, two, some, a few, this, that, these,those 等)时，用“of名词所有格”或“of名词性物主代词”来表示所属关系。如：a photo of my fathers some inventions of Edisonsthat novel of her brothers a friend of mineone of my friendssome students of Johnssome of Johns students约翰的一些学生2 无生命的名词的所有格(1) 一些无生命的名词的所有格要用“of”来表示。如：a map of China 一张中国地图 the foot of the hill 山脚the end of the term 学期末 the leaves of the tree 树叶注意：如果名词后有一个较长的定语，尽管名词表示有生命的东西，也可用 of 表示所属关系。如：the story of Dr.Smith 史密斯博士的故事 the speech of President Obama 奥巴马总统的演讲(2) 表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格等名词的所有格要用“s ”来表示。如：one hundred miles journey 一百英里的旅程a boats length 一条船的长度 two pounds weight 两磅的重量seven days holidaya seven-day holiday 七天的假期six minutes walka six-minute walk 步行六分钟的路程ten dollars worth 十美元的价值注意：一些名词表示所属关系时，通常并不使用所有格，而是借助于某些介词。如：the key to the door 门的钥匙 the way to the school 去学校的路 the answer to the question 问题的答案1. (2014年广东)The students of Grade 7 visited Mikes farm and saw many _there.A Bird BDuck CSheep DRabbit 2.(2012 年广东茂名)_ school is quite near thebus station.ATed and Toms BTeds and Toms CTed and Tom3.(2014年广东深圳)What are the _ doingthere? They are busy _ their science experiment.Aboys students; to do Bboy students; to doCboys students; doing Dboy students; doing4. (2014 年广东)I hear you run for half an hour everyday. Right, we have to.It is one of the _ in our school.A. Rules BPlans CHobbies DChoices5.(2012年广东深圳)Could you please tell me something about the two _？_.They are exchange students of No.1 Middle School.A.Frenchmen; Yes, please B.Frenchmans; Come onC.Germen; Not at all D.Germans; All right6.Im so hungry.Please give me_ to eat.A.three bread B.three pieces of breadC.three pieces of breads D.three piece of bread7.(2013 年广东深圳)What _ you usually have for breakfast? _ and a cup of coffee.A.do; Three bread B.do; Three pieces of breadC.are; Three breads D.are; Three piece of bread8.(2013 年广东湛江)Whats the date today? Its March 8th, _ Day.A. Woman BWomansCWomen DWomens9. (2010 年广东茂名)We can see two _ in the picture.Aapple treeBapples treesCapple trees5 名词做定语 作定语的名词用单数（man和woman除外）a shoe shop一家鞋店 a bike factory 一家自行车工厂1. 1）一棵香蕉树 五棵香蕉树 一位男教师 七位男教师 2）（2010 攀枝花）Its said that more than 100 will attend this meeting in Shanghai.A man teachers B woman teachers C men teachers D womans teachers1. _ the teachers in their school is about 200 and one fourth of them are _ teachers. A. A number of; women B. A number of; woman C. The number of; women D. The number of; woman2.What kind of porridge would you like, Alice?I would like _.A. egg porridge B. eggs porridge C. fish porridges D. fishes porridge3.There are three _ assistants in that _ shop.A. women, shoe B. woman, shoe C. woman, shoes D. women, shoes4.The music made me think of the _ of a running stream（溪流）. A. shout B. noise C. voice D. sound5.The boy didnt sleep well last night because of the _ from the factory. A. voice B. noise C. music D. song6.How well she sings! -Yes, she has a very