Ice-Skating复习资料.docx

Winter Olympic Games冬季奥运会Speed Skating 速度滑冰History 历史The first recorded competition in speed skating took place in Norway in 1863. While the International Skating Union (ISU) held its first championships in 1893, one year after the formation of the Union.有记载的首次速度滑冰比赛1863年在挪威举行。荷兰在1889年主办了首届世界锦标赛，1892年国际滑冰联合会（ISU）成立，一年后举办了首届世界锦标赛。Speed skating has been on the Olympic Winter programmer ever since 1924. Women first competed at the Olympics in 1932 when it was a demonstration sport. Womens speed skating as a full medal sport began in 1960.速度滑冰运动是1924年首届冬奥会的项目之一，女子项目1932年作为表演赛参加了奥运会，在1960年的冬奥会才成为正式比赛项目。Rule 规则Men compete in the 500-meter, 1000 meter, 1500 meter, 5000 meter and 10000 meter events. Women compete in the 500-meter, 1000 meter, 1500 meter, 3000 meter and 5000 meter events.男子项目包括：500米、1000米、1500米、5000米和10000米。女子项目包括：500米、1000米、1500米、3000米和5000米。Field of play 场地Long track speed skaters race in pairs on a 400-meter, oval-shaped track. 长道速滑选手两人一组在400米长的椭圆形赛道上比赛。crossover换道区Each skater stays in a separate lane and races in a counterclockwise direction. Because the inside lane is shorter than the outside lane, skaters switch lanes at a predetermined crossover point somewhere on the backstretch.每名选手在自己的的跑道内，逆时针方向滑行。由于内道比外道短，选手在提前设定好的非终点直道上的交叉点换道。During the crossover, the skater in the outside lane has the right of way.在换道区，外道选手有权先进内道。Skaters start either side-by-side or staggered, depending on the distance of the race. Each skater is allowed one warning for a false start before disqualification. 根据比赛距离的长短，运动员出发方式可分为并肩式和梯形式。每名选手最多允许一次起跑犯规，否则失去比赛资格。During competitions, long track skaters wearing a white armband start in the inner lane; skaters wearing a red armband start in the outer lane.比赛时，长道选手要佩戴臂章指明自身赛道的位置，内道出发的选手佩戴白色臂章，外道出发的选手佩戴红色臂章。Equipment 器材Suits: Speed skaters wear special skin-tight racing suits that are designed to reduce wind resistance. Racing suits include a hood that is worn over the head for minimum air drag and maximum speed.服装：速滑选手身着特制的紧身的滑冰服，用来减少风的阻力。滑冰服包括一顶头罩，可最小限度地减少风的阻力，最大程度地增加速度。 Short Track Speed Skating 短道速度滑冰History 历史It was not until the early 1900s that short track found its audience in North America. The United States and Canada organized short track competitions as far back as 1906 and organized an annual international short track championship in 1921.20世纪初，短道速滑才在北美地区举行公开的比赛。1906年，美国和加拿大联合举办了短道速滑的国际比赛，1921年开始举行每年一度的国际短道速滑锦标赛。Short track speed skating made its first Olympic appearance at the 1988 Calgary Games as a demonstration sport and featured 10 events. The sports popularity was immediately apparent. The IOC admitted short track to the Olympic program in 1992.短道速滑首次在冬奥会上亮相是在1988年的卡尔加里冬奥会上，当时短道速滑仅仅是表演项目，设置了10个小项。随后，这个项目得到了迅速普及。1992年国际奥委会（IOC）正式把短道速滑列为奥运会项目。Following the success of its Olympic debut, short track was expanded to six events in Lillehammer in 1994, with the men and women competing in the 500, 1000 and relay. The program has once again been expanded for the Salt Lake Games, with the IOC adding the mens and womens 1500 for a total of eight events.短道速滑在冬奥会的第一次亮相获得了巨大的成功后，在1994年的利勒哈默尔冬奥会上，短道速滑共设立了6个小项，即男女500米、1000米和接力。在盐湖城冬奥会上，短道速滑所设立的小项继续增加，IOC又加设了男女1500米的比赛，使短道速滑的比赛项目达到8项。Rules 规则Short track speed skating consists of eight events:速度滑冰包括以下8项：Men :500m（500米）; 1000m（1000米）; 1500m（1500米）; 5000m relay （5000米接力）Women：500m（500米）; 1000m（1000米）; 1500m（1500米）; 3000m relay（3000米接力）500 meters 500米This four-and-a-half lap race is an all-out sprint. Individual heats feature four skaters at a time in a mass start.4圈半的完全冲刺。个人赛的预赛阶段是以4人为一组的集体出发方式进行。1000 meters 1000米A very tactical race. The skaters gradually speed up until they are at top speed for the last two or three laps of this nine-lap race. Individual heats feature four skaters at a time in a mass start.一种非常具备战术的比赛。总共滑9圈，选手在前几圈逐渐加速，最后两三圈时提到最高速度。个人赛是以4人为一组的集体出发方式进行。1500 metersThe 1500 requires great stamina and strategy, since the heats, quarterfinals, semis and final are contested in a single day. Each race consists of 13.5 laps and measures almost a mile. 1500米在一天内要赛完小组赛、1/4决赛、半决赛和决赛，所以运动员需要具备良好的持久力和战术。每轮比赛有13.5圈，大约1英里。The Relay 接力3000 m Relay （3000米接力）/5000 m Relay（5000米接力）The womens 3000 relay consists of teams of four skaters who must complete 27 laps around the oval. The mens relay consists of teams of four skaters who must complete 45 laps around the oval.女子3000米接力赛每队4名选手，共需滑27圈。男子5000米接力赛每队4名选手，共需滑45圈。The mens and womens short track relays are two-day competitions consisting of a semifinal and a final.男女短道接力赛分半决赛和决赛，通常在两天内赛完。Each of the four skaters on a team must skate at least once. The number of laps each athlete takes is up to the team. The only requirement is that the last two laps are taken by the same person.一队中的4名选手，每人须至少滑一次。每名选手自行决定滑行圈数。唯一限制是最后两圈必须由同一名选手完成。Changeovers are performed at high speeds and are generally done on the straightaways. A legal exchange is executed by an obvious touch anywhere on the body.接力交接在高速中完成，通常采取直接式。明显触摸身体的任何一处算是完成一次合格的交接。If a racer falls in the relay, a teammate can take over as long as the skaters touch. Relay rosters actually consist of five athletes per team, allowing room for substitution in the final.如果一名选手跌倒，任何一名己方队友可接着滑，直至下一次接力。每队名单上可包括5人，以便在决赛时有替换的余地。Field of play 场地设施Competition takes place on a 111.12-meter oval laid out on an indoor rink.比赛一般均在室内冰球场上进行，使用椭圆形、周长为111.12米的跑道。 Disqualifications （比赛资格）An athlete can be disqualified in the following ways:(1) Impeding: Deliberately blocking, charging, impeding or pushing another competitor.(2) Two false starts.(3) Off-track and cross-track.一名运动员出现以下情况失去比赛资格（1） 妨碍：故意阻挡、冲撞、妨碍或推搡其他选手。（2） 两次出发犯规。（3） 离开滑道和穿越滑道。Figure Skating （花样滑冰）History 历史Ice-Activity（冰嬉） was also called “walking on ice”（走冰），which was a general name for all those activities on ice. As it was a traditional skating activity of the ancient Machu. Since the Manchu entered shan-hai pass, this activity spread widely and immediately turned out to be a distinctive sports custom in the northern area.冰嬉又称 “走冰”。它是冰上活动的泛称，也是古代满族传统的滑冰活动。满人入关以后，冰嬉活动广泛开展，迅速成为北方地区特有的体育习俗。There were mainly two types of ice-activity. One was the pure on-ice activity which was quite similar to todays speed skating. The other was to perform all kinds of acrobatics on ice, which was similar to modern figure skating. 冰嬉活动从形式上大致分为两种，一种是单纯的冰上竞技，类似于今天的速度滑冰；另一种是在滑冰的同时要表演各种花样和杂技，类似于今天的花样滑冰。Figure skating was added to the Olympic program for the 1908 Summer Games. Figure skating became an official Olympic winter Games sport at the 1924 Winter Games in Chamonix.花样滑冰在1908年曾经例入夏季奥运会的比赛项目，但直到1924年，此项目才正式成为夏蒙尼冬季奥运会的比赛项目。The singles and pairs events have been part of every Olympic winter program. Ice dancing debuted at the 1976 Games in Innsbruck and has been a part of the Olympic program ever since.从那时起，单人滑和双人滑项目就成为了冬奥会的传统项目，冰上舞蹈是在1976年的因斯布鲁克冬奥会中被列为正式比赛项目的。Rule （规则）Olympic figure skating consists of four medal events or disciplines: ladies singles, mens singles, pairs and ice dancing. 奥运会花样滑冰由4枚奖牌项目组成：女子单人滑、男子单人滑、双人滑和冰上舞蹈。Mens and ladies singles（男女单人滑）The ladies and mens singles competitions are comprised of two parts a short program (worth 33.3 percent of the final score) and a free skate (66.7 percent).女子和男子单人滑由两部分组成规定动作（占总分的33.3%）和自选动作（占66.7%）1）Short program （规定动作）Eight required elements are performed in the short program in any sequence to music selected by the skater. Short program last a maximum of 2minutes, 40 seconds. 选手在选定的音乐伴奏下，连贯地完成所要求的8个动作。规定动作的时间不超过2分40秒。2）Free skate （自选动作）The ladies free skate lasts between 3 min 50wecond and 4 min 10secong; the mens free skate lasts between 4 min 20 second and 4 min 40 second.女子自选动作的表演时间在3分50秒到4分10秒之间。男子自选动作在4分20秒到4分40秒之间。Pairs （双人滑）Pairs skating are performed in unison by partners who execute daring and difficult overhead lifts, throw jumps and spins. The key to pairs skating is exact timing and simultaneous movement双人滑通过两名选手之间一致的配合来表演高难度的动作，如托举、抛跳和旋转等。双人滑的关键在于选手精确地把握时间和同步动作。The pairs discipline, like singles, has a short program (worth 33.3percent of the final score) and a longer free skate (66.7 percent).Ice Dancing （冰上舞蹈）There are three segments of competition in ice dancing: compulsory dances, an original dance and a free dance. Each compulsory dance is worth 10 percent of a teams final score. The ori