虚拟语气知多少.doc

- 6 -虚拟语气知多少虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测， 建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。 它的用法在表情达意的过程中发挥着重要的作用。近几年高考在单项选择这一题型中出现不多，但在完形填空和短文改错中仍然大量出现。例如，2003年高考完形填空第38题考察的就是在篇章语境中的虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法。虚拟语气的实际用法主要包括以下几种： 1、 虚拟语气用在简单句中，表示“强烈的祝愿或命令的语气”。 常用“May+主语+动词原形”或“主语+动词原形”。例如：May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。 You go out！ 你出去！2、 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法。由及物动词 wish引导的宾语从句常表示说话人的一种强烈的却暂时无法实现的愿望。 How I wish she would be on my side!(But in fact its quite impossible.我多么希望她能站在我一边啊！How I wish I could help him! 我多么希望我能帮助他啊！ How I wish I had watched the close NBA game last night.另外，在表示“命令”、“坚持”、“要求”或“建议”等意义的及物动词（order, command, demand, require, insist, suggest,propose,advise）之后的宾语从句中的谓语动词同样常使用虚拟语气，表示说话人的要求，其结构为：主语+should+动词原形，其中的should常可省略。例如：The head teacher demanded that we (should ) finish the task in time today. 但是，当insist表示“坚持认为”的意思时，或suggest表示“暗示”或“表明”之意时，宾语从句仍用陈述语气。试比较：My parents insisted that I ( should) enter a key university.My parents insisted that they were right.The soldiers pale face suggested that he was happy to have given his life to his motherland.The monitor suggested that we (should ) hold a class meeting tomorrow afternoon to discuss the problem. 3、 虚拟语气用在主语从句中。 在句型 It is important (necessary, strange, natural, a pity, suggested, advised, demanded, commanded, ordered ) that . 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词常用：“ should + 动词原形 ”。例如：Its necessary that we should have a walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步。 Its natural that she should do so. 她这样做是很自然的。 Its important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。 同理，在表示“命令”、“坚持”、“要求”或“建议”等意义的名词前后的主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的谓语动词同样用虚拟语气，既：“主语+(should)+ 动词原形”的句型。例如：His suggestion /advice is that we should start early tomorrow morning.3、虚拟语气用在状语从句中。 虚拟语气最多地用在表示条件的状语从句和表示结果的主句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时，动词有三种虚拟形式，即虚拟条件现在式，过去式和将来式。1) 虚拟条件现在式：表示与现在事实相反的假设及根本不可能的假设或结果：条件状语从句结果主句If 主语+ 动词过去式（be 用were）主语+ would/could/should/might + 动词原形2)虚拟条件过去式：表示与过去事实相反的假设或结果：条件状语从句结果主句If+主语+ had + 过去分词主语+should/ would/could/might+ have+ 过去分词。3）虚拟条件将来式：表示与将来事实相反的假设或结果：条件状语从句结果主句If+ should /were to +动词原形主语+ should/ would/could/might+动词原形If I were you, I should get it. 如果我是你，我就买了它。 If I had time now, I would study French. 如果我现在有时间，我会学习法语的。 If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train. 如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。 If it were to be fine tomorrow, I would go shopping with my friends. 如果明天天气好，我将和朋友们一起去买东西。4、有关虚拟语气的几个附加问题： 1) 有时if引导的状语从句可以省略 if，而把条件状语从句中的动词 were, had 或 should 移到主语前面，使用部分倒装语序。 例如：Were she younger, she would do it . 如果她年青点， 她就会干这件事了。 Had he known her address, he would had gone to visit her. 如果他知道她的地址，他会去看她的。 Should it snow tomorrow, it would be exciting.要是明天能下雪的话，那就太棒了。2) 有时表示虚拟语气的条件从句或者主句都可以省略，而只剩下一个主句或者一个条件从句。 If I had time. 我要有时间该多好啊。 She should have come to the party. 她应该来参加聚会。 3) 虚拟语气中，条件从句的动词动作可以和主句的动词动作时态不一致，这种句式就被称作为“混合虚拟条件句”。 If+ had +主语+过去分词， 主语+ should/ would/could/might+动词原形If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now. 如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干的就会容易些。 If he had not taken my advice, he wouldnt do it much better like this. 如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。 4）特殊句型：Its (high) time (that) sb. should do/过去式Sb. would rather (that) sb +过去式5）含蓄虚拟条件句 含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有： （1）介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。 _the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadnt been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today. A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for But that she was afraid, she would have said no. 6)虚拟语气用于as if（though）引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。 They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。 She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。 由于虚拟语气结构复杂、用法众多，因此，尤其需要大家分清虚拟语气的结构，在语言实践中灵活运用！配套强化训练：虚拟语气 1Were it not for the snowy weather, we all right. A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be 2. more careful, his ship would not have sunk. A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been 3. If he me tomorrow, I would let him know. A. should call B. should not have been able C. were not able D. are not able 4. If you asked your father， you permission . A. may get B. might get C. should have called D. maybe get 5. today, he would get there by Friday. A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves 6. _I you, I would go with him to the party. A. Was B. Had been C. Will be D. Were 7.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, _all practical value by the time they were finished. A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost 8. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now. A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be 9. If you Jerry Brown until recently, youd think the photograph on the right was strange. A. shouldnt contact B. didnt contact C. werent to contact D. hadnt contacted 10. he English examination, I would have gone to the concert last Sunday A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 11. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I your advice A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed 12. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now. A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. hadnt contacted 13. If the horse won today, it thirty races in five years. A. would have won B. won C. must have won D. did have won 14. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _a sudden loud noise. A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been 15. How I wish that I _ with you last night!A. went B. have gone C. could go D. could have gone 16. I wish you to have a pleasant trip to Beijing this month, _?A. can I B. may I C. dont I D. do I17. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I _ fully occupied the whole of last week. A. were B. had been C. have been D. was 18. I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional. A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended 19. If you hadnt taken such a long time to get dressed, wed there by now. A. be B. circles C. is circling D. be circling 20. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun _round the earth. A. were circling B. circles C. is circling D. be circling 21. I wish that I _ with you last night. A. went B. have gone C. could go D. could have gone 22. I wish I with her. A. would be B. am C. was D. were 23. I wish that I the concert last night. A. could B. have attended C. could have attended D. attended 24. The picture exhibition bored me to death. I wish I to it. A. had not gone B. have not gone C. did not go D. can not have gone 25. “I wish you me to put these things away,” he said. A. will help B. help C. are helping D. would help 26. If the Watergate Incident Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency. A. did not occur B. had not occurred C. was not occurring D. be circling 27. I hadnt expected _James to apologize but I had hoped . A. him calling me B. that he would call me C. him to call me D. that he call me 28. George would certainly have attended the proceedings . A. if he didnt get a flat tire B. if the flat tire hadnt happened C. had he not had a flat tire D. had the tire not flattened itself 29. The teacher suggested that her students experiences with ESP. A. write a composition on their B. to write composition about the C. wrote some compositions of his or her D. had written any compositions for his 30. He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he _a Chinese. A. were B. had been C. is D. has been 31. As usual, he put on a show as though his trip a great success. A. had been B. has been C. were D. was 32. Looking round the town, he felt as though he away for ages. A. has been B. was C. is D. had been 33. John is so strongly built that he looks as if he as elephant. A. lifts B. is lifting C. lifted D. could lift 34. He described the town as if he it himself. A. had seen B. has seen C. saw D. sees 35. At that thought he shook himself, as though he from an evil dream. A. woke B. wakes C. would wake D. had woke 答案与详解 1A条件句表示与现在事实相反的虚拟。 2B条件句表示与过去事实的虚拟。 3A条件句表示与未来事实的虚拟。 4B条件句表示与未来事实的相反。 5C条件句表示与现在事实的虚拟。 6D条件句表示与现在事实的虚拟。 7B这个句子中含有一个省略if，把助动词提前到主语they之前的虚拟条件句，该条件句表示对过去情况的假设，而主句中by the time they were finished 表明主句也应该是对过去发生的情况的假设，因而应该选（B）would have lost为正确答案。 8（D）这道题目是一个混合虚拟语气的句子。条件句省略了if，把助词had提前到主语前面，表示对过去情况的假设，而主句中now表明了对现在情况的假设，所以应选would(should, could, might)+动词原形这种表达形式。四个选项中只有（D）是正确表达形式，故为正确答案。 9（D）until recently，因此（D）是正确答案，而主句是隐含的对现在情况的假设，该句是一个混合虚拟条件句。 10（B）假设的情况有时不是用一个条件句表示，而是隐含在一个由介词如but for、but that、without, 由连词but、副词otherwise 、比较级、形容词、独立主格等表示的上下文中。本句主句表示对过去情况的假设，但事实上由于英语考试而没有去成，即若不是因为英语考试，我本可以去听音乐会，所以应选But for为正确答案。 11（C）题目中的第一句话表示的是现在真实的情况，而第二句话中所要表达的是应该做但事实上没有做的事，这种情况导致第一句话中真实情况的发生，故If only条件句假设的是过去一种情况，因此应该用had +过去分词，所以正确答案是（C）。 12D注意主句now表示现在的时间状语，所以主句是对现在虚拟，从句是对过去虚拟13A从句对过去的虚拟。 14B从句表示虚拟，而主句是事实。 15.D.对过去的虚拟。16。17（D）本道题目的前半句话是对