初中英语语态.doc

1.语态：英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态主动语态表示是动作的执行者被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者 Cats eat fish. （主动语态）猫吃鱼。 Fish is eaten by cats.(被动语态)鱼被猫吃。 被动语态的构成由“助动词be 及物动词的过去分词”构成助动词be 有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be 作为连系动词时完全一样。时态被动语态结构例句一般现在 时am are +过去分词is English is spoken in many countries.一般过去 时was +过去分词were + 过去分词This bridge was built in 1989.情 态动 词can/shouldmay +be+过去分词must/The work must be done right now. 被动语态的用法当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，或者只需强调动作的承受者时，要用被动语态。被动语态 (1). 被动语态表示句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作承受者。 (2). 被动语态基本结构：be+及物动词的过去分词(如果是不用物动词，其过去分词应带有相应的介词) (3). 被动语态中的be 是助动词，有人称、数和时态的变化。 一般现在时被动语态为：am/is/are+过去分词 一般过去时被动语态为：was/were+ 过去分词 与情态动词连用的被动语态：情态动词+ be + 过去分词 (4). 被动语态中动作的发出者或执行者做介词by的宾语，放在句末，by 表示“由，被”的意思如何理解被动语态？ 为取胜更清晰、更深刻地理解被动语态的含义，可以将主动语态和被动语态的句子结构进行比较。 主动语态： 主语+ 谓语动词 + 宾语 + 其他成分 被动语态： 主语+ be +过去分词 + by +宾语 +其他成分 如： Many people speak English.被动语态 English is spoken by many people.1.不及物动词无被动语态。The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.2.有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。这些动词主语以物居多，谓语动词一般表示主语的性质和特征。这类动词有许多，如: write, break, sell等。This pen writes well.This new book sells well.3.感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。 感官动词有smell,sound,taste,fell等。使役动词有let,make,have,help,hear,see,watch,notise,look,listen,read,promise(期望，预想)，turn out(证实)，take place(发生).例：make somebody do somethingsomebody+ be +made to do somethingsee somebody do somethingsomebody +be +seen to do somethingA girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.The boss made the little boy do heavy work.The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.His mother gave him a present for his birthday. He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.窗体底端如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。He gave me a book.A book was given to me by him.He showed me a ticket.A ticket was shown to me by him.My father bought me a new bike. A new bike was bought for me by my father.5.一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。We cant laugh at him. He cant be laughed at by us.He listens to the radio every day. The radio is listened to by him every day.The nurse is taking care of the sick man. The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.6.一些表示状态的动词没有被动语态。如：have, belong to等。时态现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般一般现在时do一般过去时did一般将来时( will do)(be going to do）(shall do)一般过去将来时would do进行现在进行时be doing过去进行时was/were doing将来进行时will be doing过去将来进行时( would be doing)（was/were going to do）完成现在完成时have done过去完成时had done将来完成时will have done过去将来完成时would have done完成进行现在完成进行时have been doing过去完成进行时had been doing将来完成进行时will have been doing过去将来完成进行时would have been doing一般现在时1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率的时间状语连用。时间状语：every，sometimes,at，on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.，twice a week：我每天早晨7点离开家去学校，一周两次2) 客观事实，普遍真理。The earth moves around the sun：地球绕着太阳转Shanghai lies in the east of China：上海位于中国的东部3) 表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round：哥伦布证明了地球是圆的4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I dont want so much：我不想那么多Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well：Ann Wang 的英文写得很好但说得不好比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup：现在我在杯子里放了糖.I am doing my homework now. 我正在做我的家庭作业.注：用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。5主将从现主句用将来时 从句用现在时表将来 I will tell you,When Li Ming comes. 当李明来的时候我会告诉你. Ill e-mail you as soon as I get to Beijing. 我一到达北京就发电子邮件给你.注 ：一般从句为时间状语从句由When As soon as.引导的从句条件状语从句由If.引导的从句6)表示按计划，规定要发生的动作，但仅限于少数动词如：begin,come,leave,go等The meeting begins at seven：会议七点开始一般过去时1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982等。Where did you go just now ？你刚才去哪里了？2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。When I was a kid,I often played football in the street. 当我还是个孩子的时候，我经常在街上踢足球.Whenever the Browns went during their visit,they were given a warm welcome.布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈的欢迎3）句型：1.It is time for sb. to do sth到某人做某事时间了某人该了 It is time for you to go to bed：你该睡觉了2.It is time sb. did sth. 时间已迟了早该了It is time you went to bed：你早该睡觉了3.would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事Id rather you came tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天来.4) wish,wonder,think,hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些.比较：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. 达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去.注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1）动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend 等。Did you want anything else：你还有什么事吗？I wondered if you could help me：不知你能不能帮我个忙2）情态动词could,would.Could you lend me your bike：你能借给我你的自行车？ 典型句型- Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it.- Its 69568442.A. didntB. couldntC. dontD. cant* used to + do：过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful：妈妈过去不是这样健忘Scarf used to take a walk.(过去常常散步)* be used to + doing：对已感到习惯，或习惯于，to是介词，后需加名词/动名词。He is used to a vegetarian diet：他习惯于素食Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)一般将来时1)shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。Which paragraph shall I read first：我应该先读哪一段？Will you be at home at seven this evening：你今晚七点在家吗？2)be going to +不定式，表示将来。a.主语的意图，即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow：你打算明天干什么？b. 计划，安排要发生的事。The play is going to be produced next month：该活动在下个月举行c. 有迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm：看那些乌云，暴风雨就要来了3)be + to do表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday：我们下星期六将讨论这份报告4)be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing：他要去北京注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow,next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。用于条件句时, be going to(表将来) / will (表意愿)If you are going to make a journey,youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.如果你要去旅行，你最好尽快准备好Now if you will take off your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.现在如果你愿意脱下你的衣服，我们将在镜子前为你穿上新衣服.be to和be going tobe to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排)明天下午我要去踢足球Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)一般现在时表将来1）下列动词：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning：火车明天上午六点开When does the bus star? 汽车什么时候开？It stars in ten minutes. 十分钟后2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.3）在时间或条件句中。When Bill comes (不是will come),ask him to wait for me：当比尔来了，让他等我Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there：当我到达那里时，我会写信给你4）在动词hope,take care that,make sure that等后。I hope they have a nice time next week：我希望他们下星期玩得愉快Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room：在离开房间前要确保窗子都关闭用现在进行时表示将来意为：意图、打算、安排、常用于人。常用词为 come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等。Im leaving tomorrow：我明天就要走了Are you staying here till next week：你要在这儿呆到下星期现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态, 常与already, just , yet , ever, never 连用.* have/ has 过去分词比较过去时与现在完成时1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday,last week，ago,in1980,in October,just now,(具体的时间状语)共同的时间状语：this morning,tonight,this April,now,once，before,already,recently，lately现在完成时的时间状语:for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till / until,up to now,in past years,always,(不确定的时间状语)3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married等。举例：I saw this film yesterday：我昨天看了这部电影（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film：我已经看过这部电影（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）Why did you get up so early.（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）Who hasnt handed in his paper.（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）She has returned from Paris：她已从巴黎回来了。She returned yesterday：她是昨天回来了。用于现在完成时的句型1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is the that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。典型例题(1) -Do you know our town at all?-No,this is the first time I _ here.A. wasB. have beenC. cameD. am coming答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。(2) -Have you _ been to our town before-No,its the first time I _ here.A. even,comeB. even,have comeC. ever,comeD. ever,have come答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I havent received his letter for almost a month.表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态和表示过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括现在在内）的一段时间的状态连用如：（for + 时间段，since + 时间点，或过去某一动作， 以及how long ）注： 非延续性动词在现在完成 时态中不能和for, since 引导的表示一段时间的状语的肯定句连用。应转为相应的延续性动词 如：buy- have die- be dead join - be in/ be a member of borrow- keep leave- be away(from)I have bought a pen.- I have had a