传统中药与西药对比的英文论文.doc

课程名称： 姓名： 课程代码： 学号：任课教师：What is the major difference between traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine?【Abstract】 Because of the globalization, the comparison between traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and western medicine have been attracted far more attentions than before. As one of the aspects of intercultural communication, this paper focuses on two major points, i.e. the different two concepts, the treatments or their prescriptions. They will be given a brief introduction in this paper so that after reading this paper people in different cultural backgrounds will know more about the difference between traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine and be more convenient to communicate. 【Key words】Concepts Treatments Prescriptions Attitudes Communication Different cultural backgrounds1. Differences between Two ConceptsFrom this table, we may get some explanations of why are traditional Chinese and westerners so different to treat disease.1.1 The Concepts of Traditional Chinese MedicineIn general, disease is perceived as a disharmony (or imbalance) in the functions or interactions of yin, yang, qi, xu, zng-f, meridians etc, or of the interaction between the human body and the environment.1 Therapy is based on which pattern of disharmony can be identified. Thus, pattern discrimination is the most important step in TCM diagnosis. It is also known to be the most difficult aspect of practicing TCM. In order to determine which pattern is at hand, practitioners will examine things like the color and shape of the tongue, the relative strength of pulse-points, the smell of the breath, the quality of breathing or the sound of the voice. 2 For example, depending on tongue and pulse conditions, a TCM practitioner might diagnose bleeding from the mouth and nose as: Liver fire rushes upwards and scorches the Lung, injuring the blood vessels and giving rise to reckless pouring of blood from the mouth and nose.3 He might then go on to prescribe treatments designed to clear heat or supplement the lung.1.2 The Concepts of Western MedicineIn western medicine, the clinical practice is thought highly of. Doctors personally assess patients in order to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease using clinical judgment. The doctor-patient relationship typically begins an interaction with an examination of the patients medical history and medical record, followed a medical interview4 and a physical examination. Basic diagnostic medical devices (e.g. stethoscope, tongue depressor) are typically used. After examination for signs and interviewing for symptoms, the doctor may order medical tests (e.g. blood tests), take a biopsy, or prescribe pharmaceutical drugs or other therapies. Differential diagnosis methods help to rule out conditions based on the information provided. During the encounter, properly informing the patient of all relevant facts is an important part of the relationship and the development of trust. The medical encounter is then documented in the medical record, which is a legal document in many jurisdictions.52. Therapies of Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineReferring to these concepts, I will put my emphases on two primary roots as follows, which have comparatively reflected two different therapies.2.1 Therapy of Traditional ChineseThe traditional Chinese medicine thought most diseases are aroused by “Six Excesses”(六淫, pinyin: li yn, sometimes also translated as Pathogenic Factors, or Six Pernicious Influences; with the alternative term of 六邪, pinyin: li xi, - Six Evils or Six Devils) are allegorical terms used to describe disharmony patterns displaying certain typical symptoms.6 These symptoms resemble the effects of six climatic factors. In the allegory, these symptoms can occur because one or more of those climatic factors (called 六气, pinyin: li q, the six qi) were able to invade the body surface and to proceed to the interior. This is sometimes used to draw causal relationships (i.e., prior exposure to wind/cold/etc. is identified as the cause of a disease), while other authors explicitly deny a direct cause-effect relationship between weather conditions and disease, pointing out that the Six Excesses are primarily descriptions of a certain combination of symptoms translated into a pattern of disharmony.7 It is undisputed, though, that the Six Excesses can manifest inside the body without an external cause. In this case, they might be denoted internal, e.g., internal wind or internal fire (or heat). The Six Excesses and their characteristic clinical signs are:1. Wind (风, pinyin: fng): Rapid onset of symptoms, wandering location of symptoms, itching, nasal congestion, floating pulse; tremor, paralysis, convulsion. 2. Cold (寒, pinyin: hn): Cold sensations, aversion to cold, relief of symptoms by warmth, watery/clear excreta, severe pain, abdominal pain, contracture/hypertonicity of muscles, (slimy) white tongue fur, deep/hidden or string-like pulse, or slow pulse. 3. Fire/Heat (火, pinyin: hu): Aversion to heat, high fever, thirst, concentrated urine, red face, red tongue, yellow tongue fur, rapid pulse. (Fire and heat are basically seen to be the same) 4. Dampness (湿, pinyin: sh): Sensation of heaviness, sensation of fullness, symptoms of Spleen dysfunction, greasy tongue fur, slippery pulse. 5. Dryness (燥, pinyin: za): Dry cough, dry mouth, dry throat, dry lips, nosebleeds, dry skin, dry stools. 6. Summerheat (暑, pinyin: sh): Either heat or mixed damp-heat symptoms. According these six excesses, Chinese not only have herbals to treat these diseases, but also have practical treatments, such as acupuncture and moxibustion, Tui na, and Qigong. And also they have cupping(拔罐), GuaSha, and Die-da. Acupuncture means insertion of needles into superficial structures of the body (skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles) - usually at acupuncture points (acupoints) - and their subsequent manipulation; this aims at influencing the flow of qi.8 According to TCM it relieves pain and treats (and prevents) various diseases.9Acupuncture is often accompanied by moxibustion - the Chinese characters for acupuncture Chinese: 针灸; pinyin: zhnji literally meaning acupuncture-moxibustion - which involves burning mugwort on or near the skin at an acupuncture point. There are three methods of moxibustion: Direct scarring, direct non-scarring, and indirect moxibustion. Direct scarring moxibustion places a small cone of mugwort on the skin at an acupuncture point and burns it until the skin blisters, which then scars after it heals. Direct non-scarring moxibustion removes the burning mugwort before the skin burns enough to scar, unless the burning mugwort is left on the skin too long. Indirect moxibustion holds a cigar made of mugwort near the acupuncture point to heat the skin, or holds it on an acupuncture needle inserted in the skin to heat the needle.10In electroacupuncture, an electrical current is applied to the needles once they are inserted, in order to further stimulate the respective acupuncture points. Tui na (推拿) is a form of massage akin to acupressure (from which shiatsu evolved). Oriental massage is typically administered with the patient fully clothed, without the application of grease or oils. Choreography often involves thumb presses, rubbing, percussion, and stretches.Qigong (气功 or 氣功) is coordinated breathing, movement, and awareness used for exercise, healing, and mediation. Traditional Chinese medicine practioners believe that qgng (气功/氣功) and related practices prevent, heal, and treat diseases.2.1.1 The Prescriptions of TCMRaw materialsThere are roughly 13,000 medicines used in China and over 100,000 medicinal recipes recorded in the ancient literature. Plant elements and extracts are by far the most common elements used. n the classic Handbook of Traditional Drugs from 1941, 517 drugs were listed - out of these, 45 were animal parts, and 30 were minerals. Animal substancesSome animal parts used as medicines can be considered rather strange such as cows gallstones. Some can include the parts of endangered species, including tiger penis and rhinoceros horn. The black market in rhinoceros horn reduced the worlds rhino population by more than 90 percent over the past 40 years. Concerns have also arisen over the use of turtle plastron and seahorses. In general, Chinese traditional medicine emphasizes the penis of animals as therapeutic. Snake oil, which is used traditionally for joint pain as a liniment, is the most widely known Chinese medicine in the west, due to extensive marketing in the west in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and wild claims of its efficacy to treat many maladies; however, there is no clinical evidence that it is effective. Since TCM recognizes bear bile as a medicinal, more than 12,000 asiatic black bears are held in bear farms, where they suffer cruel conditions while being held in tiny cages. The bile is extracted through a permanent hole in the abdomen leading to the gall bladder, which can cause severe pain; the bears are known to regularly try to kill themselves. Human body partsTraditional Chinese Medicine also includes some human parts: the classic Materia medica (Bencao Gangmu) describes the use of 35 human body parts and excreta in medicines, including bones, fingernail, hairs, dandruff, earwax, impurities on the teeth, feces, urine, sweat, organs, but most are no longer in use.11 122.2 Therapy of Western MedicineWithin medical circles, specialities usually fit into one of two broad categories: Medicine and Surgery. Medicine refers to the practice of non-operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in Internal Medicine. In the UK, this would traditionally have been evidenced by obtaining the MRCP (An exam allowing Membership of the Royal College of Physicians or the equivalent college in Scotland or Ireland). Surgery refers to the practice of operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in General Surgery. (In the UK: Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (MRCS).)During the medical care, the provision of it is classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary care categories. Primary medical services are provided by physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, or other health professionals who have first contact with a patient seeking medical treatment or care. These occur in physician offices, clinics, nursing homes, schools, home visits, and other places close to patients. About 90% of medical visits can be treated by the primary care provider. These include treatment of acute and chronic illnesses, preventive care and health education for all ages and both sexes. Secondary medical services are provided by medical specialists in their offices or clinics or at local community hospitals for a patient referred by a primary care provider who first diagnosed or treated the patient. Referrals are made for those patients who required the expertise or procedures performed by specialists. These include both ambulatory care and inpatient services, emergency rooms, intensive care medicine, surgery services, physical therapy, labor and delivery, endoscopy units, diagnostic laboratory and medical imaging services, hospice centers, etc. Some primary care providers may also take care of hospitalized patients and deliver babies in a secondary care setting. Tertiary medical services are provided by specialist hospitals or regional centers equipped with diagnostic and treatment facilities not generally available at local hospitals. These include trauma centers, burn treatment centers, advanced neonatology unit services, organ transplants, high-risk pregnancy, radiation oncology, etc.Modern medical care also depends on information - still delivered in many health care settings on paper records, but increasingly nowadays by electronic means. At the end of the treatment, doctors always give patients some pills which should been had regularly.2.2.1 The Prescriptions of Western MedicineA medication or medicine is a drug taken to cure and ameliorate any symptoms of an illness or medical condition, or may be used as preventive medicine that has future benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms.Dispensing of medication is often regulated by governments into three categoriesover-the-counter (OTC) medications, which are available in pharmacies and supermarkets without special restrictions, behind-the-counter (BTC), which are dispensed by a pharmacist without needing a doctors prescription, and Prescription only medicines (POM), which must be prescribed by a licensed medical professional, usually a physician.citation neededIn the United Kingdom, BTC medicines are called pharmacy medicines which can only be sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a pharmacist. These medications are designated by the letter P on the label.13 The range of medicines available without a prescription varies from country to country.Medications are typically produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often patented to give the developer exclusive rights to produce them, but they can also be derived from naturally occurring substance in plants called herbal medicine.citation needed Those that are not patented (or with expired patents) are called generic drugs since they can be produced by other companies without restrictions or licenses from the patent holder.3. ConclusionNowadays, Medical education and training varies around the world, especially in China. It typically involves entry level education at a university medical school, followed by a period of supervised practice or internship, and/or residency. This can be followed by postgraduate vocational training. A variety of teaching methods have been employed in medical education, still itself a focus of active research. Many regulatory authorities require continuing medical education, since knowledge, techniques and medical technology continue to evolve at a rapid rate. On the contrary, the TCM is not looking good now. Although more and more western show their interests about the TCM, but the rate of development in western countries is slow due to the strict drug surveillance programs. With the increasingly improvement of technology, people are thinking highly of science. Some Chinese increasingly believe in western method but not the old one. As one of Chinese, we have obligation to protect our traditional culture ou