Dinosaur behaviour.doc

Dinosaurbehaviour恐龙行为Headbangers疯狂撞头的家伙Evidenceofduellingdinosaurs战斗性恐龙的证据WORKINGouthowanextinctanimalbehavedwhenitwasaliveistricky.对于灭绝的生物来说，要研究出它们存活时的行为是很棘手，Butitisnotalwaysimpossible,不过也不是完全不可能。asJosephPetersonandCollinDischleroftheUniversityofWisconsinexplainedonOctober17thtotheSocietyofVertebratePalaeontologymeetingheldinRaleigh,NorthCarolina.10月17日，在北卡罗莱纳州罗利市举行的古脊椎动物学会议上，美国威斯康星大学的约瑟夫彼得森和柯林狄斯勒就对肿头龙的习性做出了一些解释。Pachycephalosaurslived65myearsago.肿头龙生活在6500万年前。Astheirnamesuggests,theyhadlarge,bony,domedheads.正如其名称所说，它们有巨大的、高隆的头骨。Foryears,itwasassumedtheyusedthesetobashoneanotherinthewaythatramsdonow.多年来，人们一直认为肿头龙用头攻击同类，就像现在的公羊一样。Recently,though,asecondsuggestionhassurfacedthatratherthanforfighting,thedomeswereforshow;thedinosaurequivalentofapeacockstail.不过最近有人提出另外一个假设：它们的大脑袋不是为了战斗，而是出于展示的目的作用相当于孔雀的尾巴。DrPetersonandDrDischlerputthesetwotheoriesintoahead-to-headcompetition.彼得森和狄斯勒博士让这两种理论来了个头对头的正面对抗。Todoso,theystudied102pachycephalosaurskulls,ofvariousspecies.为此，他们研究了102只不同品种肿头龙的头骨。Theyfoundthat23oftheseskullshadpitsinthem,andthatthesepitsweresimilarbothtoeachotherandtothosefoundintheskullsoflivinganimalsthatbasheachotherwiththeirheads.他们发现其中23只头骨上有凹坑。这些凹坑彼此类似。而且现存的用头部撞击同类的动物中，头骨上的凹坑也与之类似。Thatsupportedthehead-buttingtheory.Theclincher,though,camewhentheycreatedcomputerisedmodelsofpachycephalosaurskullsandmappedthedamagefromeachoftheirpittedspecimensontothesevirtualskulls.这支持了头部冲撞理论。不过决定性的证据来自于他们用计算机模拟的肿头龙头骨。他们将每个有坑样本的损伤部位标注在虚拟的头骨上。Whentheydidthis,theyfoundthatthepitswereclusteredexactlyasmightbeexpectediftheyweretheresultofanimalsdeliberatelyaimingateachother.这样操作后，他们发现凹坑聚集分布，正如人们假设的那样：是肿头龙故意用头部攻击彼此的结果。Intriguingly,theyfoundtwopatternsofclustering.有意思的是，他们发现凹坑有两种聚集图案。Thosepachycephalosaurswithhighlydomedheadshadpitsonboththefrontsandthebacksoftheirskulls.那些不太隆起的头骨仅在前方有凹坑，而非常高隆的则前后都有。Thosewhosedomeswerelowerhadthemonlyonthefronts.这证明了两种肿头龙攻击时的不同。Thissuggeststhetwosortsofanimalfoughtindifferentways.Low-domes,itseems,simplychargedateachother.High-domesdidthattoo.相对低隆的一种似乎仅向对方迎头冲撞。Buttheyalsoengagedinhead-to-headwrestlingofasortthatallowedthemtogetbehindtheiropponentsskullsanddodamagefromtherear,inthewaythatmodernbisondo.非常高隆的肿头龙除此之外还会采取头对头式摔跤法：能够碰到对方头骨的背部，从后面对彼此造成损伤，好比如今的野牛。Noneofwhichprovesthatpachycephalosaursdidnotstruttheirstuffwiththeirdomesaswell,justasastagwilloftenshowoffitsantlersbeforeengagingincombat,inordertogivealesswell-endowedrivaltheopportunitytowithdraw.然而，两种图案都没有否定肿头龙自豪地迈步时也在炫耀他们的大脑袋。成年雄鹿就经常在战斗之前展示它的鹿角，为了使天生劣势的对手借机撤退。Butitdoesdemonstratethatthedomeswereseriousweapons,notmerefripperiesoffashion.不过这确实证明了高隆的头骨是很厉害的武器，而不仅仅是时髦的矫饰品。1.putinto使处于某种状态Buttheamountofeffortputintoitremainssurprisinglysmall.但是让人惊讶的是在这方面的投入却甚微。Agardenwillgivebackhowevermuchyouputintoit.不管你投入多少，最终会得到应该的回报。2.similarto跟.类似，与.同样Youshouldseesomethingsimilartofigure2.你应该会看到类似图2的内容。Tryandvisualizethisenergyasabrightwhitelightsimilartothatofsunlight.试着想象这一能源，把它当做一种明亮如阳光一样的白光。3.allowto允许Allowtofreezesolidfor3-4hoursorovernight.允许冻结3-4小时或隔夜固体。Applysolutionto