语法专题三 代词与it的用法.doc

语法专题三 代词与it 的用法考点解析1. 人称代词人称代词主要用来指代表示人的名词或名词词组. 有人称, 数, 性和格的区别, 在句中可作主语, 宾语或表语. 人称代词的宾语可用作非限制动词的主语或者单独出现. 例如:You will hurt yourselves with those knives. It never occurred to me to doubt him.-Who is knocking at the door? -Its me.-Who did it? -Me.2. 物主代词 物主代词分为形容词性物代词和名词性物主代词. 形容词性物主代词只能和名词连用, 对名词起限定作用. 名词性物主代词在意思上相当于 “形容词性物主代词+名词”, 在句中起名词作用, 作主语, 宾语和补语. 例如: His hat is the brown one. Ours (Our house) is the only house here that is being painted. I left my camera at home. You can use hers (her camera).3. 指示代词 指示代词可在句中作主语, 宾语和起限定作用. 例如: Those present at the meeting included the mayor and mayoress and the local member of parliament. -Shall we buy this book or that one? I like that one.4. 反身代词 反身代词是用后缀-self (复数-selves)加上第一人称, 第二人称的形容词性物主代词, 或者加上第三人称代词的宾格形式构成的。可在句中作宾语, 表语或同位语, 也可由并列连词连接, 与另一词并列作主语. 例如: Tom and Ann blamed themselves for the accident. Frank is not quite himself today. She liked the diamond itself but not the setting. My wife and myself were invited to the party.5. 相互代词 表示相互关系的代词称为相互代词, 只有each other和one another, 它们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的.在现代英语中,它们可以替换使用.例如: We have known each other since we were children. They looked at one another, in hatred and despair.6. 疑问代词 疑问代词常用于特殊疑问句中, 一般放在句首, 并在句中作某一句子成分, 可作主语, 宾语, 表语和定语. 疑问代词都可用作连接代词, 引导名词性从句(主语从句, 宾语从句和表语从句). 例如: Who is going to speak to us tomorrow? What do you usually have for lunch? What is the matter? Dont you feel well? Whose umbrella is this? Tell me who he is.7. 关系代词 关系代词是用来引导形容词性从句的, 有主格, 宾格和所有格, 也有人称和非人称之分. 例如: He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree. Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French. The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.8. 不定代词 不指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词. 常见的不定代词有all, both, each, every等 .以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词, 如:anybody, something, no one. 这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语, 宾语,表语和定语, 但none和由some, any, no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语, 宾语或表语; every和no只能作定语. 如: One should learn to think of others. He gave every patient the same medicine. All the students have come.上述知识可归纳如下:(1)人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them(2)物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs(3) 指示代词this, that, these, those, such, same(4) 反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves(5) 相互代词each, other, one, another(6) 疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever(7) 关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as(8) 不定代词one/some/any, each/every, none/no, many/much, few/little/a few/a little, other/another, all/both, neither/either the use of “It” 一. 代词 1. it的基本用法是用来指代上文所提到的事物. 如: A: Pass me a blue pen. B: Here it is. 2. it, that, one, the one, the ones用于指代用法时的区别: it代替上文提及的原物(复数用they); one指代上文提及的, 泛指的可数名词单数(复数ones); that指代上文提及的定指的可数名词单数或不可数名词(复数those), the ones相当于these, those. 3. 指代不明身份或性别的人也用it; 指代喜爱的事物或宠物也可以用she/he. A: Whos it (knocking at the door)? B: Its me. The crowd moves on. No one tries to stop it. My car needs some more petrol. Lets fill her up. 二. 虚义it: 虚义it指用作没有具体语义的主语, 如表示时间, 天气, 距离, 温度等概念的用法. When spring comes, it is getting warmer and warmer. It is cooler in Tianjin than in Beijing. It is only about half an hours ride from here to my home. It looks as if the college is very small. It seemed as though our plan would be perfect. 三.形式it: 由于句法结构的需要, 常用it作形式主语, 而把真正的主语后置.1. 形式主语:不定式, 动名词以及主语从句作主语时, 为避免 “头重脚轻”, 要将真正的主语后置. It is/was difficult (easy, hard, important, necessary, useful, fit, possible, a pity, a pleasure) (for sb.) to do sth.;1). It is/was kind (nice, wise, clever) (of ab,) to do sth.; 比较:Sb. is/was angry (ashamed, delighted, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, thankful) to do sth.;2). It is better (interesting, tiring, enjoyable, funny, fun, a bore, a waste of time) doing sth.;3). It is clear (plain, true, certain, sure, obvious) that clause +陈述语气;4). It is important (necessary, strange, a pity) +that clause +(should) do;5). It is a suggestion (my with) +that clause +(should) do;6) It is ordered +that clause+(should) do;7). Ii is high/very time that we should have lunch/had lunch here. It is the first/last time that we have had lunch here (just). It is the third time that we shall have lunch here (in a moment). 2. 形式宾语: 当不定式, 动名词, that从句作宾语, 又有自己的宾语补语时, 要用it作形式宾语, 而把真正的宾语后置. 能够用于形式宾语句型的动词有think, make, find, consider, feel, take等. 如: Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. The fisherman made it a rule that he never cast his net more than four times a day. The ancient people took it for granted that the earth was flat. We think it necessary reading aloud every morning to improve our English. 四. 强调it: 为了强调句子中的某一处, 可以用 “It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他 的句型. 如: I met an old friend in the street last week.- It was I who met an old friend in the street last week. (强调主语)It was an old friend that I met in the street last week. (强调宾语)It was in the street that I met an old friend last week. 强调地点状语)It was last week that I met an old friend in the street. (强调时间状语)注意: 一般强调时间不能用when, 强调地点不用where.高考示例【例1】2005浙江高考 Weve been looking at houses but havent found _we like yet A. one B. ones C. it D. them 提示: one指代上文出现的同一类事物中的一个; 而it则指同一事或同一物. 答案: A.【例2】2005福建高考 I made a call to my parents yesterday. To my disappointment, _of them answered it. A. either B. none C. neither D. nobody 提示: 由to my disappointment可知, 父母中没人接电话, 故用neither表示 “两者中任何一个都没/不”答案: C.【例3】2005江西高考 Cars do cause us some health problemsin fact far more serious _than mobile phones do. A. one B. ones C. it D. those 提示: 替代上文出现的同类事物中的一个用one， 复数用ones; 而it与that都表示特指. 答案: B【例4】2005天津高考 Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from _effects the people are still suffering. A. that B. whose C. those D. what 提示: 定语从句中缺少定语, 故选关系代词whose.答案: B【例5】2005浙江高考 _I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. A. When B. After C. As D. Since 提示: as引导定语从句, 代指主句的整个内容, 意为 “正如; 就像.答案: Cone与it起指代上文内容时作用不同, 同时还应注意that常用来指代不可数名词或用于比较级中触类旁通1. I would appreciate _if you come to my grandmas birthday party and say “Hello” to her. A. that B. it C. you D. her2. I would rather buy a house in the suburb than _in the city. A. it B. one C. this D. that3. -How do you think of the film? -Wonderful, I think. Just as fine as _of the films we have seen. A. one B. another C. some D. any4. No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to _ A. any other B. another C. the other D. other5. _are fond of watching TV after supper, but _prefer to go out. A. I and my family; he and his family B. My family and I; his family and h