对外经济贸易大学831会计学2005年考研真题附答案.doc

对外经济贸易大学2005年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试431 会计学综合试题提示：本张试卷分为两部分：英文试题和中文试题。满分150分。第一部分：英文试题（共70分）l. Give a brief explanation for the following terms（9 points）（1）Accrued expenses（2）Accumulated depreciation，（3）Accounting cycle，（4）Perpetual inventory system，（5）Chart of accounts（6）Book value2 True and false （6 points）For each of the following statements，write the T or the F to indicate whether the statement is True or False（1）A trial balance that balances provides proof that all transactions were correctly journalized and posted to the ledger（2）Revenue increases ownersequity and is recorded by a credit（3）The gross profit rate is equal to net sales expressed as a percentage of average assets（4）The return equity may be either higher or lower than the return on assets（5）Equipment which is maintained in “as good as new” condition need not be depreciated（6）Collection of an account receivable increases a company cash as well as net income3. Translate the following statements into Chinese（8 points）（1）Input-oriented principles are broad rules that guide the accounting functionInput-oriented principles Can be divided into two general classifications：General underlying rules of operation and constraining principlesAs their names imply, the former are general in nature while the latter are geared to certain specific types of situations（2）Comparability has often been described as accounting for like events in a similar manner，but this definition is too simplistic to be operationalIt also applies to those who use financial statementsComparability，viewed here from the users standpoint，refers to the degree of reliability tiers should find in financial statements when evaluating financial condition or the results Of operations on an inter-firm basis or predicting income or cash flows4. Multiple choice questions（please choose the best one for each of the following questions）（l2 points）（1）The term “net sales”refers to total sales less：A. Cost of goods soldB. Sales discount, and less sales returns and allowances;C. Purchases returns，and purchase discounts;D. Sales discount and purchases returns,E. None of the above.（2）The amount incurred in debit side of the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts represents：A . Money set aside to take Care of any bad debtsB. The amount of bad debts incurred in the previous period.C. The amount written off as bad debts in the current periodD. The amount of bad debts incurred in the current and previous periodsENone of the above（3）Which of the following should not included as part of cash on the balance sheet?A. The amount of petty cash at year-end；B. Deposits in transit at year-end；C. Outstanding checks at year-end；DChecks received from customer.（4）In a decade of steadily falling prices, the inventory method which would produce the lowest cost of goods sold in the income statement would be：A. FIFO methodB. LIFO methodC. WeightedAverage methodD. Activity methodE. None of the above（5）The XY Company sold equipment that originally had cost $51000 for $22000 cashIf XY company correctly reported a$5000 gain on the this sale，the accumulated depreciation on the equipment at the date of sale must have been：A. $23000；B. $28000；C. $24000；D. Some other amount（6）The term paidin capital means：A. All assets other than retained earnings；B. Legal capital plus retained earnings；C. Total stock holders equity minus retained earnings；D. Total legal capital minus retained earnings（7）If a company is profitable and is effectively using leverage，which one of the following ratios is likely to be the largest?A. Return on total assets；B. Return on operating assets；C. Return On common equity；D. Return on total stockholders equity（8）Suppose that a company pays one of its liabilities twice during the year，in errorWhat are the effects of this mistake?。A. Assets，liabilities and ownersequity will be understated；B. Assets and liabilities will be understated；C. Assets，net income andownersequity will be unaffected；D. Assets，net income and ownersequity will be understated, and liabilities will be overstated（9）The data of ABC Company are present below：Current ratio3.5Quick ratio3.0Current liabilities （December 31,2004）$600000Inventory （December 31,2003）$500000Inventory turnover8The cost of goods sold of ABC company for 2004 was：A$1800000B$2400000C$3200000D$6400000ESome other amount（10）On October I，NP Company borrows$200000 from National Bank, signing a 6.month note payable for that amount。interest to be computed at the rate of 9% annumWhich of the following statements is correct?AThe maturity value of this note is$200000；BNPs liability for this loan at October l is$209000；CNPs liability for this loan at November 30 is$203000；DAt December 31，NP will have a liability for accrue interest payable in the amount of $8000；ENone of the above is correct（11）XY corporations return on common stockholdersequity is currently 14%If XY issues 10%bonds payable，this action will：A. Decrease the return on common stockholdersequity in all circumstances：B. Decrease the return on common stockholdersequity if the proceeds from bonds issued are invested to cam any rate less than 14%；C. Increase the return on common stockholdersequity in a11 circumstances：D. Increase the return oil common stockholdersequity if the proceeds from bonds issued are invested to earn any rate greater than 10%：（12） Assume that the companys net sales are increasing faster than the rate of inflation，and that the companys gross profit rate is fallingThe most likely explanation is：A. The companys cost of purchasing is falling；B. Operating expenses are rising；C. Demand for the companys products is very strong；D. The company has achieved an increase in sales volume by reducing its sales prices5. Accounting terminology（5 points）Indicate（write out）the accounting term described below（1）The practice of valuing inventory in the balance sheet at expected sales Prices（2）Total liabilities divided by annual interest expenses（3）A correction in the amount of net income reported in an earlier accounting periods（4）The traditional practice of resolving doubt by selecting the accounting options，which tend to minimize the net income for the current period（5）Entries made to achieve the goals of accrual basis of accounting when revenue of expense transactions span more than one accounting period6. Translate the following statements from Chinese into English（14 points）（1）现行的利息率水平不是影响债券市场价格的唯一因素，债券到期日剩余时间的长短也是债券价格的主要因素。随着债券到期日的临近，其市场价格逐渐接近其到期值，因为企业在到期日将按到期值赎兑债券。（2）无形资产这个术语是用来描述那些在企业经营活动中使用的、但没用实物形态的非流动性资产。有些项目如应收账款和预付费用等，尽管也缺乏实物形态但不属于无形资产的内容。7. Statement of cash flows（12points）The cash flows of XY Company for the fiscal year ended December 3l，2004 are summarized below：Cash Receipts：Cash collected from customersProceeds from sales of plant and equipmentProceeds from short-term borrowingProceeds from issuing capital stockInterest and dividends received$ 2800000 80000 120000 30000 10000Cash Payments：Cash paid to suppliers and employeesPurchases of plant and equipmentRepayment of amounts borrowedInterest paidDividends paid$ 2900000 25000 40000 50000 5000Balances of cash and cash Equivalents：Beginning of the yearEnd of the year$ 1 5000 35000Requirement：Use the above information determining the followings for XY Company：（1）Cash flows from Operating activities；（2）Cash flows from Financing Activities；（3）Cash flows from investing activities8. EPS（4 points）SP Company had net income of$1712500 in 2004.The company had 250000 shares of $5 par value common stock and 25000 shares of 6%，$100 par value，convertible preferred stock outstanding throughout the yearEach share of preferred stock is convertible into two shares of common stockRequirement：Compute the following for year 2004：（1）Basic earnings per share；（2）The number of shares to be used in computing diluted earnings per share第二部分：中文试题（共80分） 一、解释下列名词或术语（每小题2分，共10分） 1. 资产负债率 2. 利润中心 3. 盈亏平衡点 4. 净资产 5. 资本成本 二、填空题（每空1分，共l0分） 1. 评价长期投资项目常用的三个指标是：_、和_。 2. 企业财务会计的基本假设是：_、_、和_。 3. 利润表的编制格式通常有_式和_式。 4. 营运资本是指_。 三、问答题（每题l0分，共30分） 1. 请说明权责发生制（应计制）原则、重大性（重要性）原则的基本含义。 2. 请说明完全成本法（吸收成本法）和变动成本法的含义和基本区别。 3. 你是如何认识财务管理的职能和财务管理的目标的? 四、综合分析题（共30分） 企业的利润表，可以被称之为企业财务形象的“面子”。正是这种“面子”的原因，利润表是企业财务造假的“重灾区”。请回答下列问题：1. 如何理解利润的质量?2. 怎样进行利润的质量分析?3. 企业操纵利润的主要手段有哪些?4. 企业利润质量恶化的主要表现有哪些?参考答案提示：本张试卷分为两部分：英文试题和中文试题。满分150分。第一部分：英文试题（共70分）l. Give a brief explanation for the following terms（9 points）（1）Accrued expenses: Incurred at the end of the reporting period but not yet paid; also called accrued liabilities. The accrued liability is shown under current liabilities in the balance sheet. For example, assume the last payroll date was January 28. The next payroll date is February 11. For the last few days of the month (January 28January 31) the company owes its employees $500 in salaries. The appropriate journal entry on January 31 is to debit salaries expense and credit salaries payable for $500.（2）Accumulated depreciation: Depreciation allocates the cost of buildings and machinery over the periods of benefits. The depreciation expense taken each period accumulates in the account, Accumulated Depreciation. （3）Accounting cycle: Series of steps in recording an accounting event from the time a transaction occurs to its reflection in the financial statements; also called bookkeeping cycle. The orders of the steps in the accounting cycle are: recording in the journal, posting to the ledger, preparing a trial balance, and preparing the financial statements. （4）Perpetual inventory system: One keeping continual track of additions or deletions in materials, work in process, and cost of goods sold on a day-to-day basis. Physical inventory counts are usually taken at least once a year in order to check on a day-to-day basis rather than being determined periodically. （5）Chart of accounts: A list of ledger account names and numbers arranged in the order in which they customarily appear in the financial statements. The chart serves as a useful source for locating a given account within the ledger. The numbering system for the chart of accounts must leave room for new accounts. A range of numbers is assigned to each financial statement category. For example, asset accounts may be assigned the numbers 1100 and liabilities assigned 101200. （6）Book value: The value of an asset as recorded in the books of account of an organization. This is normally the historical cost of the asset reduced by amounts written off for depreciation. If the asset has ever been revalued, the book value will be the amount of the revaluation less amounts subsequently written off for depreciation. Except at the time of purchase of the asset, the book value will rarely be the same as the market value of the asset. 2 True and false （6 points）For each of the following statements，write the T or the F to indicate whether the statement is True or False（1）(F)（2）(T)（3）(F)（4）(T)（5）(F)（6）(F)3. Translate the following statements into Chinese（8 points）（1）记录导向原则是指导会计实务的一条基本原则，记录导向原则可以分为两大类：经营的一般潜在原则和约束原则。顾名思义，前者在实质上是普遍性的原则而后者只适用于特定的情况。（2）可比性通常被描述为以相同方法记录相同的会计事项。但是这个定义过分笼统，操作起来很困难。可比性也被会计报表使用者所使用。可比性，从使用者的角度来看，是指在公司评价财务状况、经营成果或预测收益、现金流量时，财务报表反映的会计信息所应当具有的可靠程度。4. Multiple choice questions（please choose the best one for each of the following questions）（1）B（2）C（3）C（4）B（5）C（6）C（7）D（8）B（9）C（10）C（11）D（12）D5. Accounting terminology（5 points）Indicate（write out）the accounting term described below（1）The practice of valuing inventory in the balance sheet at expected sales prices（2）Total liabilities divided by annual interest expenses（3）A correction in the amount of net income reported in an earlier accounting periods（4）The traditional practice of resolving doubt by selecting the accounting options，which tend to minimize the net income for the current period（5）Entries made to achieve the goals of accrual basis of accounting when revenue of expense transactions span more than one accounting period6. Translate the following statements from Chinese into English（14 points）（1）The current interest rate level is not the only factor of influencing the bond market price. Bond surplus size of time is also a main factor of it. With the closing on of the date due of bond, its market price is edging closer to its expiring value, because enterprises will redeem according to the expiring value on the date due.（2）Intangible assets are used to describe those in the non-mobility assets that are used in the business activities but not in the form of material object. Some terms like accounts receivables and accounts prepaid though also lacking the form of material object does not belong to intangible assets.7. Statement of cash flows（12points） (1) Cash flows from operating activities:Cash Receipts From Customers 80000 From Interests and Dividends Received 0 80000 Cash Payments To Suppliers and employees 25000 For Interest Payments 5000 30000 Net Cash Flows from Operating Received 50000 (2) Cash flows from Financing Activities:Proceeds from short-term borrowing 30000Proceeds from issuing capital stock 10000Repayment of amounts borrowed (50000)Net Cash Flow from Financing Activities (10000) （3）Cash flows from investing activities:Purchase of plant and equipment (40000)Sale of plant and equipment 120000 Net Cash Flows from Investing Activities 800008. EPS（4 points） (1) Basic earnings per share=6.25(2) The number of shares to be used in computing diluted earnings per share =第二部分：中文试题（共80分） 一、解释下列名词或术语（每小题2分，共10分）1. 资产负债率：又称为举债经营比率，是指企业的负债总额与资产总额之间的比率。资产负债率是综合反映企业偿债能力，尤其是反映企业长期偿债能力的重要指标，其计算公式为：。资产负债表指标既可用于衡量企业利用债权人资金进行经营活动的能力，也可反映债券人发放贷款的安全程度。（汤明旺8.17补充）资产负债率有以下三方面的含义：（1）从债权人的立场来看，他们最关心的是贷给企业的款项的安全程度，也就是能否按期收回本金和利息。如果股东提供的资本与企业资本总额相比，只占较小的比例，则企业的风险将主要由债权人负担，这对债权人来讲是不利的。因此，他们希望债务比例越低越好，企业偿债有保证，贷款不会有太大的风险。（2）从股东的角度看，所关心的是全部资本利润率是否超过借入款项的利率，即借入资本的代价。在企业所得的全部资本利润率超过因借款而支付的利息率时，股东所得到的利润就会加大。如果相反，运用全部资本所得到的利润率低于借款利息率，则对股东不利，因为借入资本的多余的利息要用股东所得的利润份额来弥补。因此，从股东的立场看，在全部资本利润率高于借款利息率时，负债比例越大越好，否则反之。（3）从经营者的立场看，如果举债很大，超出债权人心理承受的程度，企业就借不到钱。如果企业不举债，或负债比例很小，说明企业畏缩不前，对前途信心不足，利用债权人资本进行经营活动的能力很差。因此，企业应审时度势，全面考虑，在利用资产负债率制定借入资本决策时，必须充分估计预期的利润和增加的风险，在二者之间权衡利害得失，做出正确决策。2. 利润中心：是指既要发生成本，又能取得收入，还能根据收入与成本计算利润这样的一种责任中心。利润中心的成本和收入，对利润中旬那来说都必须时可控的。以可控收入减去可控成本就是利润中心的可控利润，也就是责任利润。利润中心有两种类型：以对外销售产品而取得实际收入为特征的自然利润中心；以产品在企业内部流转而取得内部销售收入为特征的人为利润中心。自然利润中心还可以细分为具有完全的价格制定全的完全自然利润中心和只有部分价格制定全或只有价格执行权的不完全自然利润中心。人为利润中心根据收入计价基础的不同，分为两种：一种是包括利润在内的内部结算价格；另一种是成本型内部结算价格。（汤明旺8.17 重做）3. 盈亏平衡点：也称保本点、损益平衡点，是指企业收入和成本相等的经营状态，即边际贡献等于固定成本时企业所处的既不盈利又不亏损的状态。通常用一定的业务量来表示这种状态。其计算公式为：盈亏平衡点销售量=。多品种企业的盈亏平衡点可以用销售额来表示。其计算公式为：盈亏平衡点销售额=。其中，单位边际贡献=单价单位变动成本；边际贡献率=。也可以用“销售收入变动成本+固定成本”来表示。4. 净资产：净资产是指企业的资产总额减去负债总额后的余额。它代表的是企业股东所享有的资产净额，它反映的是股东的经济利益。净资产不同于资产，资产反映的是企业所拥有和控制的各项经济资源，代表的是整个企业的经济利益，而净资产反映的是股东享有的资产的份额，它反映的是股东的经济利益。 5资本成本： 亦称“资金成本”，是企业为筹集和使用资本所付出的代价或费用。资本成本包括资本筹集费用和资本使用费用两部分。资本筹集费用是指企业在资本筹集过程中所发生的各种费用，如发行股票、债券的注册费、代理费、资信评估费，银行借款手续费、担保费等。资本使用费用是指因使用资本而向资本所有者所支付的报酬，如支付给股东的股息或红利，支付给债权人的利息等。资本成本既可用绝对数表示，也可用相对数表示。通常用相对数计算使用单位资本的成本。其一般计算公式是：资本成本=。 二、填空题（每空1分，共l0分） 1. 评价长期投资项目常用的三个指标是：_净现值_、_现指指数_、和_内含收益率_。 2. 企业财务会计的基本假设是：_会计主体假设_、_持续经营假设_、_会计分期假设_、和_货币计量假设_。 3. 利润表的编制格式通常有_多步_式和_单步_式。 4. 营运资本是指_企业占用在流动资产上的资金_。 三、问答题（每题l0分，共30分）1. 请说明权责发生制（应计制）原则、重大性（重要性）原则的基本含义。答：权责发生制原则和重大性原则是会计核算的一般原则。其中，权责发生制原则是确认和计量的一般原则，重大性原则是起修正作用的一般原则。具体含义如下：（1）权责发生制（应计制）原则要求企业的会计核算应当以权责发生制为基础。权责发生制也称应计制或应计基础，是指收入和费用的确认应该以收入和费用的实际发生与否作为确认的标准，而不考虑款项是否已经收付的会计核算原则，凡是当期已经实现的收入和已经发生或应当负担的费用，不论款项是否收付，都应当作为当期的收入和费用；凡是不属于当期的收入和费用，即使款项已经在当期收付，也不应当作为当期的收入和费用。权责发生制是当前绝大多数企业所采用的核算基础，在收入赚取的期间确认收入，在费用发生的期间确认费用，而不论收到或付出现金在何时，它是财务报表所体现出来的受益概念更符合客观、真实。在市场经济中，信用比现金更能“润滑”今天的经济。在市场经济中，是权责发生制而不是收付实现制确认了信用的所有方面。投资者、信贷者及另外的决策制定者及时地搜寻有关企业未来现金流量方面的信息。权责发生制会计通过报告与盈利活动相联系的现金流入和现金流出来提供这些信息。应收、应付项目是未来现金流入和流出的预测器，换言之，权责发生制会计通过在交易或其他事项发生时，而不是在收到或付出现金时，报告交易或其他事项产生的现金后果来辅助预测未来的现金流量。一旦这些现金流量能在一种能够认可的确定性程度上被估计是，权责发生制才提供有关现金流入和流出的信息。（2）重大性（重要性）原则是指在选择会计方法和程序时，要考虑经济业务本身的性质和规模，根据特定的经济业务对经济决策影响的大小，来选择合适的会计方法和程序。对资产、负债、损益等有较大影响，并进而影响财务会计报告使用者据以做出合理判断的重要会计事项，必须按照规定的会计方法和程序进行处理，并在财务会计报告中予以充分、准确地披露；对于次要的会计事项，在不影响会计信息真实性和不至于误导财务会计报告使用者做出正确判断的前提下，可适当简化处理。从性质方面来讲，只要该信息或其反映的经济活动可能给投资者的决策带来重大影响，不论其金额多少，都应该进行反映；从量的反面来看，一般认为某个项目的金额超过总体的5%时，就认为其具有重要性，应该单独反映。2. 请说明变动成本法和完全成本法（吸收成本法）的含义和基本区别。答：变动成本法，也称直接成本法，是在计算产品生产成本和存货成本时，只包括生过程中产品所消耗的直接材料、直接人工和变动制造费用，而把固定制造费用视为“期间成本”全额计入当期损益的一种成本计算方法。完全成本，是指在产品成本的计算上，不仅包括产品生产过程中所消耗的直接材料、直接人工，还包括了全部的制造费用（变动性的制造费用和固定性的制造费用）。由于完全成本法是将所有的制造成本，不论是固定的还是变动的，都“吸收”到单位产批上去，因而也称为“成本吸收法”。（汤明旺8.17补充）变动成本法与完全成本法有以下几方面的区别：（1）成本类别的划分和产品成本包含的内容方面的区别在变动成本法下，根据成本习性把企业的全部成本区分为变动成本与固定成本两大类，只将变动生产成本的直接材料、直接人工和变动制造费用计入产品成本，而将固定性制造费用和非制造费用一起列为期间成本。在完全成本法下，将企业的全部成本区分为生产成本（包括直接材料、直接人工和制造费用）和非生产成本（包括管理费用、销售费用等）两大类，将全部生产成本计入产品成本。由于变动成本法与完全成本法在产品成本构成内容上的不同，其在产品成本的计算结果上必然会不相一致。（2）产成品与在产品存货估价上的区别在变动成本法下，只将变动成本计入产品成本，从而也只有变动生产成本才随着产品的流动在已销产品、库存产成品和在产品之间进行分配。在完全成本法下，将全部生产成本计入产品成本，从而使全部生产成本随着产品的流动在已销产品、库存产成品和在产品之间进行分配，所以期末产成品和在产品存货是按全部生产成本计价的。变动成本法下，期末产成品和在产品存货是按变动成本计价，而不含固定制造费用，其金额必然低于采用完全成本法的估价。（3）盈亏计算上的区别两种成本法在确定盈亏方面的区别主要表现在计算过程的不同和分