句子的成分及结构.doc

句子的成分句子是按照一定的语法或句法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分，主要包括：主语、 谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、表语、同位语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。主 语 The Subject 主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”，一般由名词、代词、数词，不定式，动词ing形式或主语从句等充当。 1 Anne is from Australia. 2 Is Lucy an American girl ? 3 She often goes to the movies. 4 We study in No.1 Middle School. 5The classroom is very clean. 6 Three plus five equals eight. 7 To teach them English is my job. 8 Seeing is believing .眼见为实 9 What Peter said was right . 注意：在有些句子中需要用it作形式主语。例如： 1 It is very important to master a foreign language . 2 It was right that you told me the truth . 谓 语 The Predicate 说明主语“做什么”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）必须用动词。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。 谓语一般在主语后面。1 He has a toothache. 2 We study hard. 3 We have finished the job. 4 He can speak English. 宾 语The Object 表示动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词,不定式，动名词或宾语从句等充当，和及物动词一起说明主语“做什么”。一般在谓语之后。 1 All of us like him. 2 Hes playing soccer. 3 Can I ask some questions? 4 She is playing the piano now. 5 Lucy likes to sleep in the open air. 6 We enjoy living in China. 7 I dont know who is Jim . 8 I dont mind answering your question . 注意：在有些句子中需要用it作形式宾语。例如：Some students find it hard to improve English . 定 语The Attribute 用来修饰名词或代词。由形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语，不定式，动词ing形式，过去分词，或定语从句等充当。1 Whats your name,please? 2 Shes a good basketball player.3 The little boy gave me a big apple. 4 She made a paper kite .5 It is an interesting film . 6 This is the factory where Peter used to work .7 This is a book written by Mr Brown .状 语The Adverbial 用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，通常由副词、介词短语、不定式,过去分词，动词ing形式，状语从句等来充当。 1 People are working hard. 2 Beijing is not very cold in winter. 3 He did it carefully. 4 Without his help,we couldnt work it out. 5 He worked hard to pass the test . 6 Seeing their daughter come back , the parents burst into tears. 7 Moved by the story, all the children were in tears. 8 While I was reading , Lily came in .补足语 objective complement 补足语分两种，主语补足语和宾语补足语。主语补足语是对主语的补充说明，宾语补足语是对宾语的补充说明，没有补足语句子意思不完整。主要用来说明主语或宾语的特征、状态或身份，主要由形容词、名词、副词、介词短语、分词等充当。 1 I found it very difficult to find work. 2 Yesterday he got his leg broken. 3 We found Lily out when we arrived. 4 The boss kept them working all day. 5. He was caught stealing .表 语The Predicative 说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、表语从句或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当，和系动词一起构成谓语。 一般在系动词后面。又称为主语补足语1.表示状态的系动词：be、feel 感觉、keep保持、look、seem看上去、appear 看上去显得、smell 闻起来、sound 听起来、lie 躺、sit、stay保持、taste尝起来2.表示转变或结果的连系动词 become、get（变得）、turn（变得）、come（成为）、go变得（往坏的方面）grow 长得、fall（变成）、prove（证明) 1 Her mother is a bank clerk. 2 Are you ready ? 3 This is what I want . 4 You look younger than before. 5 They are at home now . 6 My book is on the desk. 7 Everybody is here. 同位语 (Appositive/apposition)一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词（或其它形式）就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。做同位语的可以是名词，代词或同位语从句等。1. Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. 2.Yesterday I met Tom,a friend of my brothers3.Im glad to hear the news that you won the game last night.按要求找出下列各句中所包含的句子成分 1 I got up early and bought thirty cards. （主语_宾语_） 2 He is working for a big firm . （主语_谓语动词_宾语_） 3 He has just bought a car 。（主语_谓语动词_宾语_） 4 He calls at every house in the street once a month （状语_） 5 To be honest , she is a pretty girl . （主语_表语_） 6 I often take exercise in the park . （主语_状语_） 7 It was a moving story . ( 主语_定语_) 8 It is good to get up early . (形式主语_实际主语_) 9 This is the man who teaches us English . (主语_表语_定语_) 10 I find the novel very instructive . (主语_谓语_宾语_宾补_) 11 What made you upset ? (主语_谓语_宾语_宾补_) 12 Tom made his parents disappointed . (谓语_宾语_宾补_) 13 Youd better have your car washed . (主语_ 宾语_宾补_) 14 Lily has kept us doing the job all the day . (主语_谓语_宾语_宾补_) 15 Mr Li asked us to hand in our homework before 9 oclock .(谓语_宾语_宾补_) 16. This is my suggestion that we put off the meeting . (谓语_宾语_宾补_) 17. I have known the fact that she is a spy . (谓语_宾语_同位语_ ) 英语简单句的五种基本类型 英语句子千千万 五种句型把线牵。一种简单主谓型二种基本主谓宾 三种常见主系表四种主谓加双宾。五种主谓宾补型各种句型记心中。简单句的五种基本句型，对于提高同学们的听、说、读、写、译能力有至关重要的作用。简单句的五种基本句型包括： 第一种 主语+连系动词+表语(S+ Link-V+P) 此句型中的谓语动词为连系动词，作表语成分的有形容词、名词、代词、分词、不定式介词短语等。常见的系动词有be, feel, taste, smell, sound , seem, look(看起来)，get(变)，become(变),turn(变)等。 1） The story sounds interesting. 那个故事听起来很有趣。 2） My books are on the desk. 我的书在书桌上。 3） Im a college student. 我是一位大学生。4） This fairy tale is very interesting . 这个神话故事很有趣。5） He was astonished at what he found . 看到他发现的东西，他感到吃惊。6） Im glad to know you . 认识你我很高兴。7） Im very glad that you were able to come. 我很高兴你来到这儿。本句型的特点是连系动词+表语二者缺一不可。例如The teacher angry和We in the classroom. 都不成其为一个句子。 第二种 主语+不及物动词 (S+V) 在此句型中，谓语动词是不及物动词，其后没有宾语。可以带状语修饰动词。如：1）My head aches. 我头疼。 2）The students are listening 学生们正在听。 3) We study hard. 我们学习努力。 4) The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。 5) There is a man waiting for you . 有个男子在等你。 主语和不及物动词(短语)是组成本句型不可缺少的成分。第三种. 主语+及物动词/短语+宾语(S+V+O) 该句型中的谓语动词是及物动词（或者短语），其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整、准确。宾语可以由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当,如动词的-ing形式、动词不定式或从句等. 1) I have finished reading the book. 我已经读完了这本书。 2) Do you like apples？ 你喜欢苹果吗？ 3) He decided to buy a computer 他决定买一台电脑。 4） Im taking care of the three children . 我正在照顾这三个小孩。6) He dreamt a very strange dream last night . 昨晚他做了一个奇怪的梦。7) You must get rid of the bad habit of smoking . 你必须改掉抽烟的坏习惯。8) I hope that the weather will stay fine tomorrow. 我喜欢明天的天气会继续好。9) He hasnt decided when he will leave for his homeland .他还没有决定什么时候动身回国。主语和及物动词(或短语)及其宾语是本句型的主干。第四种.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 (S+V+IO+DO) 通常情况下间接宾语在前（通常是人），直接宾语在后（通常是物）。能跟双宾语的动词常见的有：ask, bring, take, buy, cost, fetch, give, hand, pass, lend, offer, pay, read, send, show, teach, tell, 等。对于这些动词要牢记，有助于翻译。有时也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后，此时间接宾语前需加介词for或to。 1) Could you pass me the salt? (= Could you pass the salt to me?) 请你把盐给我好吗？ 2) Zhou Nan lent me some money.(.some money to me.) 周楠借给我一些钱。 3) He offered his seat to an old man . 他把座位让给了一位老人。 4) She promised her brother that she would write to him . 她向她的哥哥保证会给他写信的。 注：1间接宾语后置与for连用的动词有buy, make, cook, get, choose, sing, find等。 2间接宾语后置与to连用的动词有give, lend, teach, take, return, send, pass等。 3间接宾语后置既可与for也可与to连用的动词有do, leave, write, bring等。第五种 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+O+C) 英语中,有些及物动词除能跟宾语外,还须加一个补足语,句意才能完整。宾语补足语的作用是说明宾语的动作或状态。作宾语补足语的主要是名词、形容词、动词不定式和分词,副词和介词短语等也可以用作宾语补足语。例如 1）We elected Liu Lei monitor. 我们选刘磊当班长。 2）The news made him unhappy. 这个消息使他很不愉快。 3) You shouldnt let him go there alone. 你不应当让他一个人去那儿。 4) I had the bike repaired. 我找人把自行车修好了。 5) I feel it very pleasant to be with your family. 我感到跟你们一家人在一起很愉快。 6) Please keep the classroom clean. 请保持教室清洁。7) She asked me to call him again. 她让我再给他打个电话。总之 掌握好简单句的基本结构是学生学好英语的关键所在。学生要多分析，多总结练一练 认真分析下面的句子，看看属于简单句的哪一类 1 Lily looked very tired . 2 Jim is one of the top students in