GRE阅读笔记NO4-1.doc

NO 4-1 by zhtwd By the time the American colonists took up arms against Great Britain in order to secure their indepen-dence, the institution of Black slavery was deeplyentrenched. But the contradiction inherent in this TS. But句situation was, for many, a source of constant embar- rassment. “It always appeared a most iniquitous scheme to me,” Abigail Adams wrote her husband AAin 1774, “to fight ourselves for what we are daily 1774robbing and plundering from those who have asgood a right to freedom as we have.” Many Americans besides Abigail Adams were SE =struck by the inconsistency of their stand during theWar of Independence, and they were not averse to WImaking moves to emancipate the slaves. Quakers and Qother religious groups organized antislavery societies,while numerous individuals manumitted their slaves. =（同时）In fact, within several years of the end of the War of WIIndependence, most of the Eastern states had made SEprovisions for the gradual emancipation of slaves.文章结构类型：全文论证一个观点型，SE均论述一个主题，没有出现however，question之类的字眼。TS：By the time the American colonists took up arms against Great Britain in order to secure their independence, the institution of Black slavery was deeply entrenched. But the contradiction inherent in this situation was, for many, a source of constant embarrassment.单词：阅读专用词汇：averse, contradiction, embarrassment, inconsistency, stand积累专业词汇：War of Independence当美洲殖民地民众拿起武器，抗击大英帝国，以获得其独立时，黑人奴隶制度早已根深蒂固。然则，对许多人而言，这一情形中所固有的矛盾始终构成了一种窘迫难堪之源。阿比盖尔亚当斯（Abigail Adams）在1774年致她丈夫的信函中写道：“在我看来，有一件事情总仿佛是一种最为邪恶不公的阴谋。这就是，我们所为之奋斗的，恰好就是我们每日从他人身上掠夺和抢劫的东西，而这些人却同我们一样，对自由享有同等充分的权利。”除阿比盖尔亚当斯之外，许多美洲殖民者也深深地意识到了他们在独立战争期间所持立场的矛盾，而他们变欣然采取步骤来解放奴隶。贵格会教徒们（Quakers）以及其它宗教团体组织起反奴隶制社团；与此同时，许多个人也着手将其奴隶予以释放。事实上，在独立战争宣告结束之后的几年时间内，绝大部分东部诸州早已制定法律条文以逐步解放黑奴。17. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage? （主旨题） (A) The War of Independence produced among many Black Americans a heightened consciousness of the inequities in American society.（WI没有produce consciousness, 与原文不符） (B) The War of Independence strengthened the bonds of slavery of many Black Americans while intensifying their desire to be free. （无中生有） (C) The War of Independence exposed to many Americans the contradiction of slavery in a country seeking its freedom and resulted in efforts to resolve that contradiction.（原文2段首句的改写） (D) The War of Independence provoked strong criticisms by many Americans of the institution of slavery, but produced little substantive action against it.（文章2段首句说了they were not averse to making moves to emancipate the slaves.选项中but后的内容与原文不符，故错） (E) The War of Independence renewed the efforts of many American groups toward achieving Black emancipation. （没有内容说明是renew, 无中生有）答案：（C）18. The passage contains information that would support which of the following statements about the colonies before the War of Independence? （细节题） (A) They contained organized antislavery societies. （WI开始后Quakers and other religious groups organized antislavery societies.） (B) They allowed individuals to own slaves. （在WI开始后numerous individuals manumitted their slaves.问题问before WI, 取非即可得此选项） (C) They prohibited religious groups from political action. (无中生有) (D) They were inconsistent in their legal definitions of slave status.（无中生有） (E) They encouraged abolitionist societies to expand their influence. （无中生有）答案：（B）19. According to the passage, the War of Independence was embarrassing to some Americans for which of the following reasons? （罗马数字题） I. It involved a struggle for many of the same liberties that Americans were denying to others. （1段末句的改写）II. It involved a struggle for independence from the very nation that had founded the colonies.（不符合问题要求）III. It involved a struggle based on inconsistencies in the participants conceptions of freedom.（误选了D，可能是把原文中的stand替换成了conceptions） (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and II only (D) I and III only(E) I, II, and III答案：（A）20. Which of the following statements regarding American society in the years immediately following the War of Independence is best supported by the passage? （主旨题） (A)The unexpected successes of the antislavery societies led to their gradual demise in the Eastern states. （无中生有） (B) Some of the newly independent American states had begun to make progress toward abolishing slavery. （由文章2段和末句可得此选项） (C) Americans like Abigail Adams became disillusioned with the slow progress of emancipation and gradually abandoned the cause. （并没有提到gradually abandoned the cause） (D) Emancipated slaves gradually were accepted in the Eastern states as equal members of American society. （无中生有，可定位到文章末句）(E) The abolition of slavery in many Eastern states was the result of close cooperation between religious groups and free Blacks.（无中生有）答案：（B）The evolution of sex ratios has produced, in most plants and animals with separate sexes, approxi-mately equal numbers of males and females. Why m=fshould this be so? Two main kinds of answers have SEbeen offered. One is couched in terms of advantage to population. It is argued that the sex ratio will evolveso as to maximize the number of meetings between individuals of the opposite sex. This is essentially a “group selection” argument. The other, and in my gs（ETS一贯反对）view correct, type of answer was first put forward by +Fisher in 1930. This “genetic” argument starts from TS 1930the assumption that genes can influence the relativenumbers of male and female offspring produced byan individual carrying the genes. That sex ratio willbe favored which maximizes the number of descen-dants an individual will have and hence the numberof gene copies transmitted. Suppose that the popula-tion consisted mostly of females: then an individualwho produced sons only would have more grand-children. In contrast, if the population consisted ex.(假设例子略读) mostly of males, it would pay to have daughters. If,however, the population consisted of equal numbers 转折of males and females, sons and daughters would beequally valuable. Thus a one-to-one sex ratio isthe only stable ratio; it is an “evolutionarily stable essstrategy.” Although Fisher wrote before the mathe- 让步matical theory of games had been developed, his GTtheory incorporates the essential feature of a gamethat the best strategy to adopt depends on whatothers are doing. Since Fishers time, it has been realized that genes SEcan sometimes influence the chromosome or gametein which they find themselves so that the gamete willbe more likely to participate in fertilization. If such a gene occurs on a sex-determining (X or Y) chromo-some, then highly aberrant sex ratios can occur. But SEmore immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have alarge excess of females. In these species, fertilized eggsdevelop into females and unfertilized eggs into males.A female stores sperm and can determine the sex ofeach egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfer-tilized. By Fishers argument, it should still pay afemale to produce equal numbers of sons anddaughters. Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop Hwithin their hostthe larva of another insectandthat the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediatelyand disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis. +Since only one female usually lays eggs in a givenlarva, it would pay her to produce one male only,because this one male could fertilize all his sisters onemergence. Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an H=Fevolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step HFfurther in recognizing that he was looking for a SEstrategy.文章结构类型：解释针对问题型，存在有待解释问题的叙述，有对此现象的疑惑和研究及其有效性。TS：This “genetic” argument starts from the assumption that genes can influence the relative numbers of male and female offspring produced by an individual carrying the genes.单词：阅读专用词汇：approximately, assumption, couch, influence, remarkably积累专业词汇：chromosome, population, group selection, genetic, game theory, gamete,性别比例（sex ratio）的演化在绝大部分性别各异的动植物身上，产生了数量大致相等的雌性与雄性物体。情况何以如此？科学家已提出两种主要的答案。一种答案是依据对种群（population）的有利条件来表述的。据称，性别比例之所以会演化，就是为了能在最大程度上增加相反性别的生物个体之间交配的数量。本质上而言，此乃一种“群体选择”（group selection）的论点。另一种且在我看来不失为一种正确的答案，是由菲希尔（Fisher）于1930年率先提出的。这一“基因遗传”（genetic）的论点从这样一个假设出发，即基因会影响到由携带着这些基因的那个个体繁殖的雄性与雌性后代的相对数量。生物体所会择取的是那样一种性别比例，那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。假如某一种群绝大部分由雌性生物体构成：那么，繁殖雄性后代的个体仅会拥有更多的grandchildren。相反，假如该种群主要由雄性生物体构成，那么，繁殖雌性后代将不无益处。然则，假如该种群由同等数量的雄性和雌性生物体组成，则雄性后代和雌性后代将是价值相等的。因此，一比一的性别比例是唯一一种稳定不变的比例；它是一种“生物进化上的稳定策略”（evolutionarily stablestrategy）。虽然菲希尔早在数学上的博弈理论（game theory）建立起来之前就进行了其著述，但他的理论已襄括了游戏的本质特征即所能采用的最佳策略取决于他们在做什么。自菲希尔的时代以来，科学家们已意识到，基因有时能影响到它们所存在于其中的染色体（chromosome）或配子（gamete），因此，配子将更有可能参与到授精过程（fertilization）中来。如果这样的一个基因发生在一个能决定性别（sex-determiningX或Y）的染色体上，则极度反常的性别比例便告出现。但是，与博弈理论更为直接相关的是某些寄生性黄蜂种类的性别比例，雌性黄蜂占有绝对的过量。在这些种类的黄蜂身上，受精卵发展成为雌性黄蜂，未受精卵发展成为雄性黄蜂。雌性黄蜂能储存精子，并对她所产的每一个卵，通过使其受精或不让其受精，从而决定其性别。按照菲希尔的论点，对于雌性黄蜂来说，繁殖同等数量的雄性后代和雌性后代仍不乏益处。汉密尔顿（Hamilton）注意到，蜂卵是在其寄主另一只昆虫的幼虫体内成熟发展的，并且刚刚自卵中育出的成年黄蜂随即进行交配，然后积各奔东西，提供了一种极为严谨的分析。既然一般而言只有一只雌性黄蜂在一特定的幼虫体内产卵，对她来说，只需要繁殖一只雄性黄蜂便获益匪浅，因为这一只雄性黄蜂可以将其同胞的雌性黄蜂在自卵中育出之际皆予授精。如同菲希尔一样，汉密尔顿也意欲寻觅一种在生物进化上的稳定策略，但他更深入了一步，因为他认识到他的研究正是为了去寻找一种生物体的进化策略。21. The author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both scientists (事物之间关系的细节题) (A) conducted their research at approximately the same time （无中生有） (B) sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studied （没提到要manipulate） (C) sought an explanation of why certain sex ratios exist and remain stable （文章末句的改写） (D) studied game theory, thereby providing important groundwork for the later development of strategy theory （无中生有） (E) studied reproduction in the same animal species （研究对象不对）答案：（C）22. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers Fishers work to be （文章结构题） (A) fallacious and unprofessional （与作者态度不同，可定位到+） (B) definitive and thorough （过于绝对，并不完善） (C) inaccurate but popular, compared with Hamiltons work （inaccurate和文中的correct相反） (D) admirable, but not as up-to-date as Hamiltons work （定位到HF可知）(E) accurate, but trivial compared with Hamiltons work （误选了此项，文中只提到H offered a remarkably cogent analysis. 没有说F 的tivial，故不能选）答案：（D）23. The passage contains information that would answer which of the following questions about wasps? （罗马数字题）I. How many eggs does the female wasp usually lay in a single host larva? （不能确定具体数目） II. Can some species of wasp determine sex ratios among their offspring? （由二段可知答案是肯定的：A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.） III What is the approximate sex ratio among the offspring of parasitic wasps? （不同的wasps不一样，文中未提及，误选了此项） (A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) I and II only(E) II and III only答案：（B）24. It can be inferred that the author discusses the genetic theory in greater detail than the group selection theory primarily because he believes that the genetic theory is more (A) complicated (B) accurate （定位到+： in my view correct） (C) popular (D) comprehensive (E) accessible答案：（B）25. According to the passage, successful game strategy depends on （细节题） (A) the ability to adjust ones behavior in light of the behavior of others （1段末句让步转折后半句的改写：the best strategy to adopt depends on what others are doing.） (B) ones awareness that there is safety in numbers （无中生有） (C) the degree of stability one can create in ones immediate environment （无中生有） (D) the accuracy with which one can predict future events （无中生有） (E) the success one achieves in conserving and storing ones resources （无中生有）答案：（A）26. （争议题）It can be inferred from the passage that the mathematical theory of games has been （细节题） (A) developed by scientists with an interest in genetics （没有提到） (B) adopted by Hamilton in his research （当时还没有出现game theory, 只是histheory incorporates the essential feature of a game） (C) helpful in explaining how genes can sometimes influence gametes （没有提到能explain） (D) based on animals studies conducted prior to 1930 （无中生有） (E) useful in explaining some biological phenomena （在F的文章中game theory对解释性别现象有帮助）答案：（E）27. Which of the following is NOT true of the species of parasitic wasps discussed in the passage? (Not 题) (A) Adult female wasps are capable of storing sperm. （2段中A female stores sperm说明可排除此选项） (B) Female wasps lay their eggs in the larvae of other insects. （定位到H即可找到此信息）(C)The adult female wasp can be fertilized by a male that was hatched in the same larva as herself.（定位到H处即可：the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse，newly emerged adult是a male that was hatched的改写） (D) So few male wasps are produced that extinction is almost certain.（文章中未出现） (E) Male wasps do not emerge from their hosts until they reach sexual maturity. （the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse可以看出，选项中sexual maturity是adult的同义替换） Thomas Hardys impulses as a writer, all of TSwhich he indulged in his novels, were numerousand divergent, and they did not always worktogether in harmony. Hardy was to some degree(5)interested in exploring his characters psycholo-gies, though impelled less by curiosity than by 让步，(10)inclined to see tragedy and record it. He wasalso inclined to literary realism in the severalsenses of that phrase. He wanted to describeordinary human beings; he wanted to speculateon their dilemmas rationally (and, unfortu-(15)nately, even schematically); and he wanted torecord precisely the material universe. Finally,he wanted to be more than a realist. He wanted 1、2、3列举to transcend what he considered to be thebanality of solely recording things exactly and(20)to express as well his awareness of the occultand the strange.In his novels these various impulses were SEsacrificed to each other inevitably and often.Inevitably, because Hardy did not care in the THF&G(25)way that novelists such as Flaubert or Jamescared, and therefore took paths of leastresistance. Thus, one impulse often surrendered SEto a fresher one and, unfortunately, instead ofexacting a compromise, simply disappeared.(30)A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give way abruptly to the desire on the 特殊短语part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely thestructure and texture of a flower. In this(35)instance, the new impulse was at least anenergetic one, and thus its indulgence did notresult in a relaxed style. But on other occasionsHardy abandoned a perilous, risky, and highlyenergizing impulse in favor of what was for him(40)the fatally relaxing impulse to classify and schematize abstractly. When a relaxing impulsewas indulged, the stylethat sure index of anauthors literary worthwas certain to becomeverbose. Hardys weakness derived from his (45)apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his SEunwillingness to cultivate and sustain theenergetic and risky ones. He submitted to first one and then another, and the spirit blew where(50)it listed; hence the unevenness of any one of his novels. His most controlled novel, Under the ，UGTGreenwood Tree, prominently exhibits twodifferent but reconcilable impulsesa desire tobe a realist-historian and a desire to be a(55)psychologist of lovebut the slight interlock-ings of plot are not enough to bind the twocompletely together. Thus even this book splitsinto two distinct parts.文章结构类型：全文论证一个观点型，SE均论述一个主题，没有出现however，question之类的字眼。TS：Thomas Hardys impulses as a writer, all of which he indulged in his novels, were numerous and divergent, and they did not always work together in harmony.单词：阅读专用词汇：informal, confined, wordy, metaphoric, abruptly, verbose积累专业词汇：literary realism, occult, psychology, comedy, farce, tragedy作为一个作家，托马斯哈代（Thomas Hardy）的创作冲动在其小说中他全都沉缅于其中显得多种多样，不尽相同，而这些创作冲动并未和谐协调地发挥作用。在某些程度上，哈代感兴趣的是探索其笔下人物的诸般心理状态（psychology），尽管与其说是出于好奇心的驱使，还不如说是受怜悯之心的支配。偶然地，他会感觉到喜剧（comedy）的创作冲动（以其全部的超然冷静）以及闹剧（farce）的创作冲动，但更经常地，他倾向于去观察人世间的悲剧（tragedy）并将其记录下来。他亦倾向于文学现实主义（literary realism）是从该名词短语的若干层含意来理解的。他意欲描绘普通人；他意欲理性地对其困境作出思辩（且不幸得很，甚至按先验图式的手法来进行）；他意欲精确无误地记录物质宇宙。最后，他并不希冀在成为一个纯粹的现实主义作家。他意欲超越他所认为的那种一味追求毫厘不爽地记录事物的平庸做法，并表达他对超自然之物（the occult）和奇异之物（the strange）的意识。在其小说中，这些不尽相同的创作冲动不可避免地且经常性地彼此间互为牺牲。之所以不可避免，这是因为哈代没能以福楼拜（Flaubert）和詹姆斯（James）一类小说家审慎行事的那种方式来审慎行事，因此他选择了那些最少有抵制的创作道路。这样，一种创作冲动经常会屈从于一