英美文学欣赏资料-tessofthed'urbervill

,王俪颖,Welcometomyclassreport,TessofthedUrbervilles,ByThomasHardy,Theintroductionoftheauthor,ThomasHardy(2June184011January1928)wasanEnglishnovelistandpoet.AVictorianrealist,inthetraditionofGeorgeEliot,hewasalsoinfluencedbothinhisnovelsandpoetrybyRomanticism,especiallybyWilliamWordsworth.CharlesDickensisanotherimportantinfluenceonThomasHardy.LikeCharlesDickenshewasalsohighlycriticalofmuchinVictoriansociety,thoughHardyfocussedmoreonadecliningruralsociety.WhileHardywrotepoetrythroughouthislife,andregardedhimselfprimarilyasapoet,hisfirstcollectionwasnotpublisheduntil1898.InitiallythereforehegainedfameastheauthorofsuchnovelsasFarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874),TheMayorofCasterbridge(1886),TessofthedUrbervilles(1891),andJudetheObscure(1895).However,sincethe1950sHardyhasbeenrecognizedasamajorpoet,andhadasignificantinfluenceonTheMovementpoetsofthe1950sand1960s,includingPhillipLarkinandElizabethJennings,TessofthedUrbervilles:APureWoman,TessofthedUrbervillesorjustTess,isanovelbyThomasHardy,firstpublishedin1891.Itinitiallyappearedinacensoredandserialisedversion,publishedbytheBritishillustratednewspaper,TheGraphic.ThoughnowconsideredanimportantworkofEnglishliterature,thebookreceivedmixedreviewswhenitfirstappeared,inpartbecauseitchallengedthesexualmoresofHardysday.TheoriginalmanuscriptisondisplayattheBritishLibrary,showingthatitwasoriginallytitledDaughterofthedUrbervilles.In2003,thenovelwaslistedatnumber26ontheBBCssurveyTheBigRead.,Summaryofthenovel,PhasetheFirst:TheMaiden(111)PhasetheSecond:MaidenNoMore(1215)PhasetheThird:TheRally(1624)PhasetheFourth:TheConsequence(2534)PhasetheFifth:TheWomanPays(3544)PhasetheSixth:TheConvert(4552)PhasetheSeventh:Fulfilment(5359),Symbolismandthemes,Hardyswritingoftenillustratestheacheofmodernism,andthisthemeisnotableinTess,which,asonecriticnoted,portraystheenergyoftraditionalwaysandthestrengthoftheforcesthataredestroyingthem.Hardydescribesmodernfarmmachinerywithinfernalimagery;also,atthedairy,henotesthatthemilksenttothecitymustbewatereddownbecausethetownspeoplecannotstomachwholemilk.Angelsmiddle-classfastidiousnessmakeshimrejectTess,awomanwhomHardyoftenportraysasasortofWessexEve,inharmonywiththenaturalworld.WhenhepartsfromherandgoestoBrazil,thehandsomeyoungmangetssoillthatheisreducedtoamereyellowskeleton.Alltheseinstancesaretypicallyinterpretedasindicationsofthenegativeconsequencesofmansseparationfromnature,bothinthecreationofdestructivemachineryandintheinabilitytorejoiceinpurenature.Tessisnotapeasant,sheisaschooleducatedmemberoftheruralworkingclass:shesuffersatragedythroughbeingthwarted,inheraspirationstoriseandherdesireforagoodlife(amongwhichisloveandsex),notbyindustrialismbutbythelandedbourgeoisie(Alec),liberalidealism(Angel)andChristianmoralisminherfamilysvillage,AnotherimportantthemeofthenovelisthesexualdoublestandardtowhichTessfallsvictim;despitebeing,inHardysview,atrulygoodwoman,sheisdespisedbysocietyafterlosinghervirginitybeforemarriage.HardyplaystheroleofTesssonlytruefriendandadvocate,pointedlysubtitlingthebookapurewomanfaithfullypresentedandprefacingitwithShakespeareswordsfromTheTwoGentlemenofVerona:Poorwoundedname!Mybosomasabed/Shalllodgethee.However,althoughHardyclearlymeanstocriticiseVictoriannotionsoffemalepurity,thedoublestandardalsomakestheheroinestragedypossible,andthusservesasamechanismofTesssbroaderfate.HardyvariouslyhintsthatTessmustsuffereithertoatoneforthemisdeedsofherancestors,ortoprovidetemporaryamusementforthegods,orbecauseshepossessessomesmallbutlethalcharacterflawinheritedfromtheancientclan.,Fromnumerouspaganandneo-Biblicalreferencesmadeabouther,TesshasbeenviewedvariouslyasanEarthgoddessorasasacrificialvictim.Earlyinthenovel,sheparticipatesinafestivalforCeres,thegoddessoftheharvest,andwhensheperformsabaptismshechoosesapassagefromGenesis,thebookofcreation,overmoretraditionalNewTestamentverses.Attheend,whenTessandAngelcometoStonehenge,commonlybelievedinHardystimetobeapagantemple,shewillinglyliesdownonanaltar,thusfulfillingherdestinyasahumansacrifice.,ThissymbolismmayhelpexplainTessasapersonificationofnaturelovely,fecund,andexploitablewhileanimalimagerythroughoutthenovelstrengthenstheassociation.Examplesarenumerous:TesssmisfortunesbeginwhenshefallsasleepwhiledrivingPrincetomarket,thuscausingthehorsesdeath;atTrantridge,shebecomesapoultry-keeper;sheandAngelfallinloveamidcowsinthefertileFroomvalley;andontheroadtoFlintcombe-Ashe,shekillssomewoundedpheasantstoendtheirsuffering.Inanyevent,TessemergesasacharacternotbecauseofthissymbolismbutbecauseHardysfeelingsforTesswerestrong,perhapsstrongerthanforanyofhisotherinventedpersonages.,thefilm,Tessisa1979romancefilmdirectedbyRomanPolanski,anadaptationofThomasHardys1891novelTessofthedUrbervilles.1Ittellsthestoryofastrong-willed,youngpeasantgirl(playedbyNastassjaKinski)whofindsoutshehastitleconnectionsbywayofheroldaristocratics