英语国家概况Chapter

AGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries,英语国家概况,TheUnitedStatesofAmerica,Chapter8History,英语国家概况,AmericaBetween1600-1900,I.AmericaintheColonialEraII.TheAmericanWarofIndependenceIII.TheAmericanCivilWar,I.AmericaintheColonialEra,Pre-Columbianperiod(前哥伦比亚时期)ColonialPeriod(殖民地时期，late15thto18thcentury),Pre-colonialperiod,Indians:The“firstAmericans”,Indians,Inancienttimes,theBeringStraitwastiedtogether,itwaspossiblefortheIndianstowalkfromAsiatoAlaskaabout12,000yearsago.,AmericaIndian,TheDiscoveryoftheNewWorld,ChristopherColumbusreachedAmericain1492.,Thenewcontinent,In1492,ColumbuslandedatoneoftheCaribbeanislands.ColumbusbelievedthathehadreachedIndiaandcalledthenativepeopleIndians.AmerigoVespuccidiscoveredthecontinentofSouthAmerica,thecontinentwasnamedafterhim.,colonialperiod,In1607theEnglishestablishedtheirfirstcolonyinAmerica,atJamestown,Virginia.VirginiaisnamedinhonorofQueenElizabeth,theVirginQueen.Jamestownwasnamedfortheruler,KingJames.,TheFoundingofthe13Colonies,AftertheBritishfoundedthefirstcolonyinAmericain1607ThePilgrims,in1620,sailedonashipcalledMayflowerandarrivedatPlymouthMassachusetts.Between1607and1733theBritishestablished13coloniesalongtheeastcoastofNorthAmerica.,Mayflower,The13colonies,Delaware特拉华Pennsylvania宾夕法尼亚NewJersey新泽西州Georgia乔治亚Connecticut康涅狄格Massachusetts麻萨诸塞Maryland马里兰,SouthCarolina南卡罗来纳NewHampshire新罕布什尔Virginia弗吉尼亚NewYork纽约NorthCarolina北卡罗来纳RhodeIsland罗德岛,TheconflictbetweenEnglandanditscolonies,TheEnglandImposednewtaxestodefraythecostoftheSevenYearsWar.ExpectedAmericanstolodgeBritishsoldiersintheirhomes.ThecolonistsResentedthetaxesandresistedthequarteringofsoldiers.,colonistsslogan,“Notaxationwithoutrepresentation”PS：Colonistsareresistanttopaytaxeswhichbecomeanimportantcauseofindependencewar.,PointsofAmericanWarofIndependence,ShotsinLexingtonin1775theSecondContinentalCongressin1775GeorgeWashingtonDeclarationofIndependenceAgreatvictoryatSaratogain1777Yorktowncampaign1781TreatyofParisin1783,AmericanWarofIndependence,AmericanWarofIndependence,Formastate（1776年7月4日）,TheDeclarationofIndependence(July4,1776)AnnouncingthebirthoftheUnitedStates,Formastate（1776年7月4日）,ThecontentsoftheDeclarationofIndependence,Fivechapters1Foreword2Preface3AccusedKingGeorgeIII4DenounceBritish5Conclusion,TheDeclarationofIndependence,Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,Liberty,andthepursuitofHappiness.Thattosecuretheserights,GovernmentsareinstitutedamongMen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned.,TheDeclarationofIndependence,Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienableRights,thatamongtheseareLife,Liberty,andthepursuitofHappiness.我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。Thattosecuretheserights,GovernmentsareinstitutedamongMen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned.为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力，是经被治理者的同意而产生的。,TheDeclarationofIndependence,andaccordinglyallexperiencehasshown,thatmankindaremoredisposedtosuffer,whileevilsaresufferable,thantorightthemselvesbyabolishingtheformstowhichtheyareaccustomed.Butwhenalongtrainofabusesandusurpations,pursuinginvariablythesameObject,evincesadesigntoreducethemunderabsoluteDespotism,itistheirright,itistheirduty,tothrowoffsuchGovernment,andtoprovidenewGuardsfortheirfuturesecurity.,TheDeclarationofIndependence,andaccordinglyallexperiencehasshown,thatmankindaremoredisposedtosuffer,whileevilsaresufferable,thantorightthemselvesbyabolishingtheformstowhichtheyareaccustomed.Butwhenalongtrainofabusesandusurpations,pursuinginvariablythesameObject,evincesadesigntoreducethemunderabsoluteDespotism,itistheirright,itistheirduty,tothrowoffsuchGovernment,andtoprovidenewGuardsfortheirfuturesecurity.过去的一切经验也都说明，任何苦难，只要是尚能忍受，人类都宁愿容忍，而无意为了本身的权益便废除他们久已习惯了的政府。但是，当追逐同一目标的一连串滥用职权和强取豪夺发生，证明政府企图把人民置于专制统治之下时，那么人民就有权利，也有义务推翻这个政府，并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障,WhatsthesignificanceofTheDeclarationofIndependence?,Youcanthinkitfromthefollowingaspects.,Philosophyinfluence,Practicalinfluence,Historicinfluence,TreatyofParis巴黎条约（1783年）,ThetreatywassignedinParisin1783.BritishrecognizedAmericanindependence.Thepeacetreatyacknowledgedtheindependence,freedom,andsovereignty(主权)ofthe13states.,TheCivilWar(18611865),DoyouknowtheoriginofAmericanslaverysystem?,Discusswithyourpartner,South-slaveryeconomy1.AmericanslaveryexistedafterthefirstimmigrantsfromEuropefoundedtheirsettlements.2.IntheSouth,thelandwasabundantandsuitableforfarming,andtheplantershadtomanagetheirplantationsusingblackAfricanslaves,whowereregardedasthepropertyoftheplanters.3.Theycouldbebought,soldandwereoftentreatedcruelly.,North-capitalisteconomy1.Thereisagrowingdemandforlabortoworkinfactories.2.Northernerssupportedtheabolitionofslavery,becausetheywantedtogetslavesfromtheSouth.3.Theyaskedthegovernmenttofinancethebuildingofrailwaysandroads.,South-Agriculturaleconomy(plantations)1.TheabundantlandwassuitableforfarmingandtheplantershadtomanagetheirplantationsusingblackAfricanslaves.2.Blackslavescouldbebought,soldandwereoftentreatedcruelly.3.TheSouthernersadvocatedfreetradesothattheycouldpurchasecheapergoodsfromforeigncountries.,ThecausesoftheCivilWar1)Thedifferenteconomicsystemsinthenorthandthesouth2)Theslaveryprobleminthesouth3)ThepoliticalconflictsbetweennorthandsouthThedirectcauseofthewarLincolnwaselectedasthepresidentofAmerica.,AbrahamLincoln18091865,TheprocessoftheCivilWarIn1861,theCivilWarwasbegan.In1863,LincolnissuedTheEmancipationProclamation,whichgrantedfreedomtoallslaves.InJuly1863,theturningpointofthewarcameatGettysburg.InApril1865，theCivilWarwasended.,Thewarresolvedtwofundamentalissues.Whatarethetwoissues?,GettysburgAddress,Thewarresolvedtwofundamentalissues.1)Slaverywasabolished.2)Americabecameasingle,indivisiblenation.,WorldWar,WorldWar,1.AtthestartofWW,theproclamationofneutrality;2.TheUSAenteredthewarin1917forseveralreasons:(1).GermanyinjuredAmericantrade;(2).GermanypromisedtheMexicanstoregainitslostterritory;(3).agoodchancefortheUSAtosuccessfulinfluencetheresultofthewar3.PresidentWilson:FourPoints,AfterWW,1.theGreatDepression2.PresidentRoosevelts“NewDeal”,WW,1.IntheearlydaysofWW,theUSAadoptedasit-on-the-fencepolicy.2.thedirectcauseforAmericasentranceintothewar:theJapaneseairraidonPearlHarbor3.D-Day:NormandyLandinginJune19444.GermanysurrenderedinMay19455.AmericanairplanesdroppedtwoatomicbombsonHiroshimaandNagasaki6.JapansurrenderedandWWended.,WW,WWthehigh-rankingU.S.militaryofficials,WW,WW,AfterWW,1.aconferencein1945;theUnitedNationswasestablished;2.TheUSAbecamethestrongestpower;3.theColdWarintheearlypost-warperiodthe“TrumanDoctrine”4.twoGermanys5.theNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization6.theKoreanWar7.theVietnamWar,PresidentsoftheUSA,1.NixonsachievementsandtheWatergatescandal(1).endtheVietnamWar(2).twobreakthroughs:reestablishingUSrelationswithChina;negotiatingthefirstStrategicArmsLimitationTreatywiththeSovietUnion,PresidentsoftheUSA,2.Reagan:theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthetightmoneypolicy;hisachievements;(1).inflationundercontrol(2).anincreasinggapbetweenrichandpoor(3).socialwelfarecurtailed(4).thelongestrecordedperiodofpeacetimepropertywithoutarecessionordepression,thePresidentsoftheUSA,2.Reagan:,thePresidentsoftheUSA,3.BushSenior:theKuwaitWar,thePresidentsoftheUSA,4.Clinton:(1).oneoftheyoungestPresidents(2).theNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(3).anaffairwithayoungintern,thePresidentsoftheUSA,5.BushJunior:sonoftheformerPresidentBush(1).OnSeptember11,2001,theUnitedStatessufferedthemostdevastatingforeignattackeveragainstitsmainland.(2).OsamabinLadenandtheal-Queda(3).theTalinbanregimeinOctober2001(4).aninvasionofIraqinMarch2003(5).OnMay2,2011,theAmericanarmykilledLaden.,thePresidentsoftheUSA,5.BushJunior:sonoftheformerPresidentBush(1).,exercises,.Readthefollowingstatementanddecidewhethertheyareture(T)orfalse(F).1.AmericanwasnamedafterAmerigoVespucci,whoarrivedonthenewcontinentafterColumbus.2.TheSecondContinentalCongresswasheldinPhiadelphia,andtheContinentalArmyandNavywasestablishedunderthecommandofThomasJerfferson.3.TheAmemricanCivilWarnotonlyputanendtoslavery,butalsomakeAmericanasingle,indivisiblenation.,4.MostAmericanpeopleapprovedoftheVietnamWar.5.In1990,AmericantroopsandthetroopsfromalliednationstookjointmilitaryactioninordertodriveIraqitroopsoutofKuwait.6.AccordingtotheAmericangovernment,SaddamHusseinandOsamabinLadenwereresponsiblefortheterroristeventonSeptemble11,2001.,7.TheBushadministrationregardedIraqanationamongthe“axisoftheevil”.8.OnMarch20,2003,AmericanandUnitedNationstroops,supposedbyseveralothercountries,begananinvasionofIraq.,.Choosethebestanswertocompleteeachofthefollowingstatements.1.ThefirstsuccessfulEnglishconolyinNorthAmericawasfoundedatin.A.Jamestown,LouisianaB.Boston,MassachusettsC.Jamestown,VirginiaD.Plymouth,Gergia2.TheSevenYearsWaroccurredbetween.A.theFrenchandtheAmericanIndiansB.theFrenchandtheSpanishC.theFrenchandtheBritishD.theBritishandtheAmericanIndians,3.“Notaxationwithoutrepresentation”wastherallyingsloganof.A.thesettlersofVirginiaB.thepeopleofPennsylvaniaC.thecolonistsinNewEnglandD.thepeopleofthe13colonies4.InMay1775,washeldinPhiadelphiaandbegantoassumethefunctionsofaprovisionalgovernment.A.theFirstContinen