法律英语-CONTRACT LAW (2017)合同法ppt课件

,CONTRACTLAW,1,CONTRACTLAW,LessonOneIntroductionLessonTwoPerformanceandNon-PerformanceLessonThreeContractRemediesandComputationofDamagesLessonFourRightsofThirdParties,2,LessonOneIntroduction,Case:theCottonCasesof1973“Thecriticalissueiswhethertherewasanenforceablepromisetobuyforeachpromisetosell.Webelievetherewas.”,3,contracts,I.ContractNatureContractandcontractlawAcontractisapromiseorasetofpromiseswhichthelawwillprotectandenforce.Thecommonlawcountriesstressthecontractasakindof“promise,”thecivillawcountriesconcernonthe“agreementbetweentheparties.”,4,Apromiseorsetofpromiseswherethelawgivesaremedywhenbreached,andtheperformanceofwhichthelawrecognizesasaduty.,5,Contractlaw,Contractlawismostobviouslythelawrelatingtoagreementsorpromises.ThebulkofAmericancontractlawisjudge-madecaselaw.,6,TheUniformCommercialCodeTheRestatementofContracts合同法注释汇编合同法重述,7,2.FormationofContractofferandacceptanceOfferorandOffereeMeetingofthemindsMutualassentManifestationofwillingness“mirrorimage”“mailboxrule”,8,OfferandAcceptanceConsiderationNoDefensestoFormation,9,OfferandAcceptance,Whyimportanttohaveofferandacceptancerules?HelpscourtdecidewhethernegotiationsoranactualbargainEnsurespartiesagreedonaminimumquantityoftermsGivescourtareliablemethodtodeterminecontentofdeal,10,LegalSignificanceofOffer,CreatespowerofacceptanceinoffereeOffereecanconcludeadealandbindofferorbyproperassent,11,TerminationofOffer,TerminationbyOffereeRejectionNotterminatedbyinquiriesorrequestfordifferenttermsCounter-offerExpirationoftimeperiodIfnotimeforacceptance,theofferisdeemedareasonabletimedependingoncircumstances,12,Acceptance,Whomayaccept?PersontowhomofferwasaddressedorifintheclassofpersonstowhomaddressedAcceptancemustbeunequivocal.CommonLaw:MirrorimageruleacceptancemustmirrortermsofofferCommercialLaw:AnyacceptanceindicatingintentiontoentercontractisvalidUNLESSmadeconditionedonacceptanceofnewterms,13,3.NecessaryElementsofaContract(1)Theremustbeanagreementbetweentheparties;(2)Theremustbeconsiderationtosupportacontractualclaim;(3)Theremustbetwoormorepartieswhohavethelegalcapacitytocontract;(4)Subjectmatterofthecontractmustbelawful;(5)Theremustbeproperformforacontract.,14,Consideration,ConsiderationAbenefitoflegalvaluewhichmustbebargainedforbetweentheparties.,15,ElementsofConsideration1.BargainmustexchangesomethingGiftnobargain,noconsideration,16,2.LegalValuea.Generalruleadequacyorfairnessofconsiderationnotexaminedb.Majorityviewpartymustincurdetrimentbydoingsomethingnotlegallyobligatedtodoorrefrainingtorefrainingfromsomethinghehasarighttodo.,17,4.ClassificationofaContract-forms(1)bilateralcontract(2)unilateralcontract-expression(1)anexpresscontract(2)implied-inlawcontract(quasi-contracts)-legaleffects(1)validcontract(2)voidcontract(3)voidablecontract,18,ExpressorImplied1.Expresswritten2.Impliedfromconduct,pastrelationshipsBilateralorUnilateral1.Bilateral-exchangeofpromises2.Unilateralexchangeofanactforapromise,19,VoidorVoidableandUnenforceable1.Voidnolegaleffectfrombeginning2.Voidablepartymayelecttoavoidorratify3.Unenforceableotherwisevalidbutforwhichadefenseexists,20,EnforceablecontractUnenforceablecontractdefense,21,5.GroundsforNonperformanceofContracts,(1)Mistake(2)Fraud(3)LackofCapacity:MinorsandMentalIncapacity(4)DuressandUndueInfluence,22,(5)Misrepresentation(6)Unconscionability(7)IllegalContractsandContractsAgainstPublicPolicy,23,Summary,Tokeeptwopointsinmind:(1)acontractcontainsapresentundertakingorcommitmentconcerningfutureconductoftheparties,and(2)thelawsanctionsthecommitmentbyputtingitslegalmachinerybehindit.,24,LessonTwoPerformanceandNon-Performance,1.Rules:Whenpartiesmakeabilateralcontract,theyexchangepromisesintheexpectationofasubsequentexchangeofperformanceTheprincipalgoaloftherulesapplicabletotheperformancestageofsuchcontractsistoprotectthatexpectationagainstapossiblefailureoftheotherpartytoperform.,25,2.Problems:1)Refuseoperform2)Performinanunsatisfactorymanner3.Todeveloprulestotheinjuredparty,Inadditiontoanclaimfordamages,therighttosuspenditsownperformanceandultimatelytorefusetoperformiftheotherpartyfailstoperform.,26,4.ConditionsTwodistincteffects:(1)tosuspendperformance(2)toterminatethecontract,27,Conditions-bytimeConditionsprecedent(先决条件）Concurrentconditions（共时条件）Conditionssubsequent（后续条件）,28,Conditions-bythewaytheyarecreatedA.ExpressconditionsB.ConstructiveconditionsActualfailureofanexpressorconstructiveconditions1)hindrance,preventionornoncooperation2)waiverorestoppel3)impossibilityorcommercialfrustration,29,禁止反言原则”(equitableestoppel),是英美法系国家的一般契约理论，其基本内涵是“Mywordismybond”言行一致，不得出尔反尔。英美法系国家传统的契约理论是：合同成立、变更均须有对价(consideration)，才能产生强制执行之效力。可是实践中大量存在着这样的现象，某人许诺赠与他人物品或答应他人无偿为其做某事，但不久又反悔而使受诺人遭受损失。受诺人受到损失后却无法律依据阻却权利人权利的行使。,30,20世纪40年代以前，英美法系国家的法官解决这一问题的方法，使法律天平平衡的砝码，一是在衡平法上采用禁反言，再是尽其所能寻找有效的约因。这种方法往往产生牵强附会，徒增了人们对法律公正性的怀疑。1877年英国法官卡恩斯勋爵(LordCairns)审理HughesV.MetropolitanRailwayCo.案时就提出了禁止反言的观念，但并未引起人们的重视。直至1947年，卡恩斯勋爵的观念被英国大法官丹宁(LordDenning)传承，并将其确立为一个法律原则。,31,ParolEvidenceRule,Evidenceofpriororcontemporaneousnegotiationsoragreementsthatcontradictorvarytermsisinadmissibleifwrittencontractisintendedascompleteandfinalexpressionoftheparties.,32,LessonThreeContractRemediesandComputationofDamages,I.theAmericansystemofcontractremediesNottocompelpromisorstoperformtheirpromisesTorelyonthepromisesofothersandproviderelieftothemincaseofabrokenpromise.,33,II.Howdocourtsencouragepromiseestorelyonpromises?1.byprotectingtheexpectationtheexpectationinterest2.byprotectingthepromiseesreliancetherelianceinterest3.bygrantingrestitutiontherestitutioninterest,34,III.Typesofremedies1.RemedyLegalremediesA.compensatorydamagesB.consequentialdamagesC.punitivedamagesD.nominaldamages2.EquitableremediesA.specificperformanceB.rescissionC.restitution,35,LessonFourRightsofThirdParties,I.ThirdPartyBeneficiaryContractsII.AssignmentIII.Delegation,36,37,TheUniformCommercialCode统一商法典,salesandleasingTransferoffundsCommercialpaperBankdepositsandcollectionsLettersofcreditBulktransfersWarehousereceiptsBillsofladingInvestmentsecuritiesSecuredtransactions,etc.,38,TypingtheContract,Acontractmustcontainthefollowinginformation:1.softheparties3.purposesofthecontract4.dutiesandresponsibilitiesofeachparty5.considerationforthecontract6.duration7.signaturesofallparties8.witnessesornotarizaton,ifapplicable,39,EnglishContractStructure,封面目录正文附录,40,正文,1.约首1）导言2）鉴于条款3）过渡条款2.本文1）通用条款2）专有条款3.约尾1）签名2）盖章,41,通用条款,定义及解释条款责任及义务条款违约条款声明及保证条款保密条款转让条款知识产权条款,42,赔偿条款税收条款期限与终止条款保险条款不可抗力条款管辖法与争议条款完整协议与可分割性条款,43,LICENSEAGREEMENT,THISAGREEMENT,enteredinto(place)onthe1stdayofJanuary,1998bybetweenABCCORPORATION,aof_,andhavingitsprincipalofficeat_,corporationorganizedandexistingunderthelawof_,andhavingitsprincipalofficeat_,(hereinafterreferredtoasXYZ)(Introduction),44,WITNESSTH(RECITAL),WHEREASXYZHasdevelopedcertainprocesses,methodsandtechniquesappliedinmanufacturingtheLicensedProductshereinafterdefined;andWHEREAS_,45,NOW,THEREFORE,inconsiderationofthepremisesandthemutualconveniences,theLicenseeandLicensor,throughconsultation,agreetoenterintothiscontractunderthetermsandconditionssetforthasfollows:(operativepart),46,NOWITISHEREBYAGREEDasfollows:,1._,2._,3._.,47,INWINESSWHEROFthepartiesheretohaveonthedayandyearfirstabovewrittencausedthesepresentstobeexecutedanddeliveredintheirbehalfandintheircorporatenamesrespectivelybytheirproperofficershereunderdulyauthorizedandtheirrespectivecorporatesealstobeheretoattachedbylikeauthority.,48,SIGNEDbyCONTRACTORInthepresenceof:SIGNEDbyForandbehalfofABCCORPORATIONInthepresenceof:,49,Here-,Hereafter(今后或将来的某一时间）Herein（在本文件中）Hereinabove（在上文）Hereinafter（在下文）Hereof（在本文件中）Hereto（在本文件中）Hereunder（在下文）Hereby(特此，因此）,50,Where-,Whereby(借以）Whereof（关于）Whereas（鉴于）Whereupon（此后立即）,51,法律英语经典表达,1.inaccordancewith（按照规定）ThearbitrationistobeadministeredbytheAmericanArbitrationAssociationandistobeconductedinaccordancewiththeCommercialArbitrationRulesoftheAmericanArbitrationAssociation.,52,2.SAVE（除非,除外）SaveasotherwiseprovidedinthisContract,eachPartyshallbearitsownlegalandotherprofessionalcostsinrelationtothepreparation,negotiationandentryintoofthisContract.,53,3.NOTWITHSTANDING（尽管有的规定）Notwithstandingclauses(a)and(b)ofthisArticle5.6above,theAssigningPartymaytransferallorpartofitsamountoftheregisteredcapitaloftheCompanytoanAffiliate(the“AffiliateAssignee”)oftheAssigningPartyonthefollowingconditions.,54,4.PROVIDEDTHAT但（前提）是ProvidedthatifanyrepresentationandwarrantyofaPartyunderArticleB.1isnottrueandcorrectinallmaterialrespectswhenmade,orifthereisabreachofArticleE,thenthereshallbenoCurePeriod.,55,5.SUBJECTTO(根据的规定，在不抵触的前提下，在符合的情况下）Subjecttothissection,anappealshallbebroughtinsuchmannerandshallbesubjecttosuchconditionsasareprescribedbyrulesmadeundersubsection,56,6.WHERE(如果,凡)Whereadefendantisfinedandthesameisnotforthwithpaid,themagistratemayorderthedefendanttobesearched.,57,Exercises:CaseAnalysis,Ms.WilliamsmadeaseriesofpurchasesofhouseholdgoodsfromtheWalkerThomasFurnitureCo.from1957to1962.Thesepurchasesincludesheets,curtains,rugs,chairs,beds,mattresses,awashingmachineandmostrecentlystereoset.,58,EachoftheitemswaspurchasedonaninstallmentplanagreementwhichMs.Williamssigned.Herlastpurchaseswasstereounitfor$514.Shefailedtomaketherequiredpaymentsandasaresult,thefurniturecompanysoughttotakebackeverythingshepreviouslypurchased,eventhoughhertotaloutstandingbalancebeforepurchasingtheStereowasjust$164.,59,Discussion,Topic:Williamsv.Walker-ThomasFurnitureCo.Referenceinformationaboutthecase:A.Ms.Williamshas7childrenandisseparatedfromherhusband.Shehasalimitedformaleducationandmaintainsherhouseholdwiththeassistanceofpublicfunds.B.Theinstallmentplanagreementincluded14contractsandeachcontainedalongparagraphinextremelyfineprint.Partofthesectionprovidedthateachpaymentmadebythepurchaserwouldbeappliedtotheentireoutstandingbalancedue.Soeachpaymentwouldactuallypayalittlebitofeach,60,Purchaseditemsbalanceremaining.Thefurniturestoreretainedt