高英unit3InauguralAddress.ppt

LessonThree,InauguralAddressJ.F.Kennedy,AdvancedEnglish,高级英语主编：张汉熙外语教学与研究出版社,InauguralAddress,Pre-readingQuestionsBackgroundTextStudyLanguagePointsComprehensionQuestionsTextAnalysisandAppreciationExercisesTasksAfterClass,Pre-readingQuestions,Whatisinauguraladdress?Whatarethepurposesofapoliticalspeech?WhatwasthesocialbackgroundwhenKennedymadethespeech?,JohnFitzgeraldKennedy,Kennedy,35thpresident,Democrat,wasbornonMay291917inBrookline,Mass,thesonofJosephP.Kennedy,financier,wholaterbecameambassadortoGreatBritain.HeenteredHarvard,receivedaBSfromHarvard1940.HeservedintheNavyandwontheNavyandMarineCorpsMedal.,JohnFitzgeraldKennedy,HewroteProfilesinCourage,勇敢者传略whichwonaPulitzerprize.1947-1952servedasrepresentativeinthecongress1952electedtothesenate1960HewontheDemocraticnominationforpresidentanddefeatedRichardM.Nixon,Republican,JohnFitzgeraldKennedy,Kennedyfamily-fullyengagedinpoliticsJosephPatrickKennedy-father(1888-1969)USambassadortoBritainborninBostongraduatedfromHarvard,JosephPatrickKennedy,Heengagedinbankingshipbuildinginvestmentbankingmotion-picturedistributionamillionaireat30yearsold,JohnFitzgeraldKennedy,1.35thPresidentoftheU.S.(1961-1963)2.ademocrat,aneloquentspeaker3.theyoungestmaneverelectedtothepresidency4.borninMassachusetts,inheritedabackgroundofpoliticswealthanddetermination5.ThefirstRomanCatholictobecomepresident,JohnFitzgeraldKennedy,6.Aspresident,hefacedtheCivilRightsproblemathomeandCubacrisisof1962.7.HisassassinationatDallasinNovember1963wasashockfromwhichtheU.S.hasfoundithardtorecoverandthemurderisstillariddle.,JohnFitzgeraldKennedy,contributions:1.HismostimportantactwashissuccessfuldemandonOct.22.1962thattheSovietUniondismantle撤除itsmissilebasesinCuba.2.Heestablishedaquarantine检疫ofarmsshipmentstoCubaandcontinuedsurveillance监督byair.,contributions:,3.HedefiedSovietattemptstoforcetheAlliesoutofBerlin4.Hemadethesteelindustryrescind取消apricerise.,contributions:,5.Hebackedacivilrightsbamentalhealthprogramcarbitration仲裁ofrailroaddisputesdexpandedmedicalcarefortheagedeastronautflightsandsatelliteorbiting,assassinationofJohnF.Kennedy.,JohnFKennedysInauguralAddress,TheKennedys,JohnFKennedysgrave,InaugurationDay,OnJanuary20since1937OnApril30,1789,GeorgeWashingtonsteppedontoabalconyofFederalHallinNewYorkCity,placedhishandonaBibleandsworetopreserve,protestanddefendtheconstitutionoftheUnitedStates.,InaugurationDay,From1793until1933theinductionofthenewpresidentwasscheduledfornoononMarch4,everyfourthyear.Underthe20thAmendmenttotheU.S.ConstitutionithastakenplaceonJanuary20since1937.(ZacharyTaylorwassworninonMarch5,1849,toavoidtakingtheoathonSunday.),InaugurationDay,Hethenreadanearnestspeech,callingforunitedandeffectivegovernment.ThusbeganauniqueAmericaninstitution-InaugurationDay-thosedramatichourswhenanewpresidentfacesthepeopleforthefirsttime.Hemusttellthepeoplewhathesgoingtodoaspresident,InauguralAddress,Memorablewordshavebeenutteredininauguraladdress.Itisaspeech,lectureofficiallymadebyapersonontakingoffice.,thepurposeofapoliticalspeech,topersuadetoexplaintoconvincepeopletoaccepthispointofview,toacceptwhathesayssoastosupporthim,Characteristics:,1.Theorderisclear.Eachpara.hasitsowntopic.2.Thetoneisappropriate.Heusesdifferenttonetodifferentpeople.,Characteristics:,3.Thestyleisrigid.Itismadebeforehand.Soitisasortofwrittenlanguage.4.Thelanguageisrhetorical.parallelism,metaphor,antithesis,balancedstructure,repetitionofwordsandphrases-forforce,vividnessandemotionalappeal.,Generalanalysisofapoliticalspeech,1.Hemusttryeverypossiblemeanstoarousethefeelingsofaudience.Whathesaysrepresentstheinterestsofthewholepeople.successfulappealtotheemotionoftheaudience,Generalanalysisofapoliticalspeech,2.specificpolicyThespeechmusthavehigh-soundingwordsandemptypromises3.Thespeechmustbeconciseandshort,Generalanalysisofapoliticalspeech,4.clever-choiceofwordstoconveydifferentmeanings/tones.5.theuseofbiblicalstyletomakeitformal/rigid.6.theuseofalotofrhetoricaldevicestomakehisaddressaspowerful/impressiveaspossible.,Thesocialbackground,InwhatperiodinhistorydidKennedybecomepresident?in1960s,Thesocialbackground,Coldwarissth.whichmarksthesituationin1960s.Theworldismainlydividedintotwohostilecamps.1)socialistcamp-headedbytheSovietUnion2)capitalistcamp-headedbytheUSThecampsopposedeachotherpolitically.,Detailedstudyofthetext:,Para1openingparagraphimportance/significanceofhiselectionaspresidentoftheUS1.observe2.celebrate,freedom-,Wecelebratefreedom.PeopleintheUSarefreetochoosetheirpresident.,antithesis:,end-theendofEisenhowerspresidentialtermbeginning-thebeginningofKennedyspresidentialtermrenewal-thecontinuationofpresidencyandofficeofpresidentchange-thechangefromEisenhowertoKennedy,aswellas,-wellbalancedstructureinPara.1,solemn,-referalmostexclusivetoanextremelyformalandinspiringreligiousritual.(grave)veryserious.aoath庄严的誓言adedicationtothecauseoffreedom为自由事业而始终不渝的献身,prescribe-setdown/impose,Whatpunishmentdoesthelawprescribeforthiscrime?Governmentschoolsmustworkforaprescribednumberofdayseachyear.Goodcitizensdowhatthelawsprescribe.Someonewhobehavesasfoolishlyasyouhavenorighttoprescribehowothersshouldbehave.,Para.2,thegeneralsituationofthisworldtopicsentence-Theworldisverydifferent.Inwhatwayistheworlddifferent?Theworldisdifferentinthewayofscienceandtechnology.Peoplehavemodernandadvancedscienceandtechnology.,thepower-,thepowerofscienceandtechnologywiththehelpofscienceandtechnology1.Peoplecanbecomeveryrich.2.Peoplecanbeexterminated.Sciencecanbeusedtogetridofpoverty.Sciencecanbeusedtodestroyallhumanbeings.,revolutionarybelief-,humanrightsAllmenwerecreatedequalandGodhadgiventhemcertainunalienablerightswhichnostateorrulercouldtakeawayfromthem.see:Note3,Para.3,generalpolicyoftheUShumanrights,Letthewordgofortharoundtheworld:Inparas3and4Kennedyexhortshiscountrymenandforcefullydeclareshisdeterminationto“payanyprice”todefendhumanrightsandlibertyathomeandaroundtheworld.Suchabstract,sweepingbutresoundingwordsarequiteoftenheardinbourgeoispoliticalspeeches.,Letthewordgoforthfoealike:abiblicalstyle.Noticealsotheuseofanalliterativephrase“friendandfoe”.InsimpleEnglishhemighthavesaid:“Hereandnow,Iwouldliketotellmyfriendsandmyenemies”,torch,Thisreferstotheprivilegeandburdenofleadingthenationbeingpassedtoanewgeneration.TheoriginalreferenceistotheOlympicgamesbeforewhichatorchiscarriedfromrunnertorunner.TheflameofthetorcheventuallylightsafirethatsignalstheopeningofOlympics.,torch-metaphor,dutyrevolutionresponsibility-ofkeepinghumanrights,heritage,-allthequalities,traditionsorfeaturesoflifethathavebeencontinuedovermanyyearsandpassedonfromonegenerationtoanother,usedespeciallytorefertothingsthatareofhistoricalimportanceorthathavehadastronginfluenceonsociety.,heritage,Pekingoperaispartofourculturalheritage.ThisbuildingispartofBritishnationalheritage.,inheritance-,1.moneyorpropertywhichyoureceivefromsomeonewhoisdead2.asituationorstateofaffairswhichhasbeeninfluencedbyaparticularevent,person,booketc.(heritage),commit-,commitoneselfto(doing)sthbecommittedtosth/doingsth-promise/pledgetodo/supportsthAllanhasbeencommittedtostayingthereforalongtime.,commit-,Hehasbeencommittedtoequalrightsforwomen.Deeplycommittedtohisreligion,hehasoftenspokenoutagainstgreedandmisuseofpower.Nobodycommittedthemselvestoadefiniteanswer.,generalpolicyoftheUS,PeopleintheUSmustkeepanddefendhumanrightsnotonlyintheUSbutalsointheworldaswell.Para.4strongdeterminationKennedyputstheUStotheleader,sohesaysinordertokeephumanrights,weshall.,survivalandthesuccessofliberty,1.thesurvivalandthesuccessoffreedemocraticcountries.2.thenewlyindependentthirdworldcountries,Para5.transition,Aonesentenceparagraphthatfunctionsasatransitionfromthegeneraltothespecific.Inthefollowingparagraphshewillbeaddressingdifferentspecificgroupsofnations.Thismuchwepromisetodoandwepromisetodomore.,Para.6,thespecificpolicytowardhisfriendsandwould-befriends,Tothoseoldalliessplitasunder:InthisparagraphKennedyaddressesthewhiteEuropeancountriesingeneralbuthiswordsarespecificallydirectedtotheEnglish-speakingAnglo-Saxoncountries,suchasBritain,Canada,Australia,NewZealand,withwhomtheUnitedStatessharesacommonculturalandspiritualheritage.culturalandspiritualorigins:Greek,RomanandNordicmythology,literature,art,musicetc.Later,thesenationswerelinkedcloserbythespiritualtieofChristianity.,Dividedsplitasunder:Togetherwiththeforegoingsentenceitformsanantithesis.“Divided”isbalancedagainst“United”and“littlewecando”against“littlewecannotdo”.powerfulchallenge:PerhapsKennedyisherereferringtowhathethinkstobeastrongthreatposedbythesocialistcamp.,allies-,ally.Britain,Canada,NewZealand,Australia,/WestEuropeancountriesacountrythathasatreatyoranagreementtohelpandsupportanothercountry,esp.duringawar.,culturalandspiritualorigins-,1.speakthesamelanguage/belongtothesomelanguagefamily2.havethesamereligiousbelief,apowerfulchallenge-,astrong,powerfulthreatposedbythesocialistcampIfwearequarrelingandsplitapart,wecannotcompetewiththestrong,powerfulenemyinfrontofus.,Para.7,Whomdidheaddress?-somenewlyindependentcountries,Para.7,1)Hepromisestoaid(support)thenewlyindependentcountriessothattheycanremainfreeandindependent.,ranksofthefree-,thecommunityoffreeandindependentnationsafarmoreirontyranny-acommunistdictatorshipridingthebackofatiger-Compareseekingtheaidofsocialistcountriestoridinghebackofatiger,Para.7,2)Thosecountrieswhichfoolishlyseektheaidofsocialistcountrieswillendupbylosingtheirindependenceasmanyothercountriesdidinthepast.Itisdangeroustoridethebackofthetiger.Ifyoudo,youwillbeswallowedupbythetiger.Youwillloseyourpowerandindependence.,Para8,Whomdidheaddress?thedevelopingcountrieshalftheglobe-thecontinentsofAfricaandAsiaconstitutealmostonehalfofthelandsurfaceoftheglobe.,bonds-chains,fetters(pl),1.chains,ropesthatareusedtotiedownaprisoner2.(fig)afeeling,dutyorcustomthatforcesyoutobehaveinaparticularway,helpthemhelp-,Wepledgetohelpthemonconditionthattheydotheirbestanddowhatweaskthemtodo.,wepledgeisright:KennedywantspeopletobelievethattheUnitedStatesrendersunselfishanddisinterestedaidtocountriesthatneedit.ThisispurepropagandafortheUnitedStateshasneverrenderedanyaidtothosecountriesthatpursueanindependentforeignpolicy,whichrunscountertothe“nationalinterestsoftheUnitedStates”.helpthemhelpthemselves:Wewillhelpthemonlyiftheyalsodotheirbit.(Inotherwordstheymustcooperatewithus,dowhatweaskthemtodo.),Para.9,HeisspeakingtoLatinAmericancountries.UsuallytheUSregardstheLatinAmericancountriesasthebackyardoftheUS,forithasspecialinterestinthesecountries.,sister-,carefulchoiceofword,implyingequalrelationship,onefamilymutualgoodrelationspeacefulrevolution=anewallianceforprogress,Tooursisterrepublicsofitsownhouse:InthisparagraphKennedyaddressesallthecountrieslyingtothesouthoftheUnitedStatesinCentralandSouthAmerica.VariousnameshavebeengivenbyvariousU.S.presidentstotheirLatinAmericanpolicies,e.g.“dollardiplomacy”,“goodneighbor”andnowKennedys“allianceforprogress”.Thelastlinereiterates,inotherwords,themainthemeoftheMonroeDoctrine.TheUnitedStateshasalwaystriedtodominatethesecountriesandhasquiteofteninterferedintheirinternalaffairs.,newallianceforprogress:thenewLatinAmericanpolicypropoundedbyKennedy;toworktogetheronceagainasalliestopromoteprogressinthishemisphereButthispeacefulofhostilepowers:metaphor,comparing“peacefulrevolutionofhope”toananimal,whichmightfallvictimtoenemynations.Wewillnotallowanyenemycountrytosubvertthispeacefulrevolution,whichbringshopeofprogresstoallourcountries,Para.9,1.HeofferedspecialpledgethatallLatinAmericancountriestoworktogethertomakeprogress.2.Hewarnedtheenemiesnottointerfereintheinternalaffairsofthesecountries,becausewearemasterofthishemisphere.,Para.10,HeisaddressingtheUnitedNations.TheUNisourlastandbesthopeofsurvivalinaworldwheretheinstrumentsofwarhavefarsurpassedandexceededtheinstrumentsofpeace.,Para.10,instrumentsofwar-weapons,bombs,forwagingwarsinstrumentsofpeace-machines,toolsforproducinggoods,Para.10,1)topreventtheUNfrombecominganassemblywherepeoplejustcriticize,insultandabuseeachother2)tostrengthenthepowerofUNtoprotectthenewlyindependentandweaknations3)toenlargetheareainwhichitsauthorityandmandatewouldcontinuetobeineffectorinforce,andtoenlargemayrun:Thisliketheprecedingphrase,iswritteninaBiblicalstyle.WepledgetohelptheUnitedNationsenlargetheareainwhichitsauthorityandmandatewouldcontinuetobeineffectorinforce.writ:(archaic)aformalwrittendocument;specifically:alegalinstrumentinletterformissuedundersealinthenameoftheEnglishmonarchfromAnglo-Saxontimestodeclareitsgrants,wishesandcommands.HereitreferstotheUnitedNationsCharter.Thiswordisusuallyusedwiththeverb,“run”.run:tocontinueineffectorforce,Para.11,Heisspeakingtotheenemies,especiallytheSovietUnion.,Finallybutarequest:Inthissentencethespeakerisverycarefulinhischoiceofwords.wouldmakethemselvesouradversary:Thisphrasethrowstheblameforconfrontationandworldtensionontheotherparty.TheUnitedStateshasdonenothingtocreateenemies.ItstheothersidethatischallengingtheU.S.,beforethedarkself-destruction:beforetheterribleforcesofdestruction,whichsciencecannowrelease,overwhelmmankind;beforethisself-destruction,whichmaybeplannedorbroughtaboutbyanaccident,takesplace,Para.11,anew-again,inanewordifferentwayquest-asearchorattempttofindThequestforgoldwaslonganddifficult.engulf-(oftheearth,thesea)todestroybyswallowingupThestormyseaengulfedthesmallboat.,Para.12,pointoutpositionofstrengthWemustbeverystrong.Ifweareweak,theywouldattractus.Wedarenotbeweakbecauseitmighttempttheenemytotakerashactions.,Wedarewithweakness:Wedarenotbeweakbecauseitmighttempttheenemytotakerashactions.Sowemustarmourselves.Apolicyofnegotiatingfromapositionofstrength.,Para.13,pointoutneeds/situation(findnocomfortinpresentsituation)coldwar/hostileconfrontationa)Bothsidesarefeelingthegreatfinancialburdenofthearmsrace.b)Botharemadeconsciousofthegradualspreadoftheterribleatombombs.,yetbothracingmankindsfinalwar:Yetbothgroupsofnationsaretryingtochangeasquicklyaspossiblethisuncertainbalanceofterriblemilitarypowerwhichrestrainseachgroupfromlaunchingmankindsfinalwar.,Balanceofterror:figurative,theabstractfortheconcrete;abalanceofterriblemilitarypower-thepowertodestroyeachotherandmankind.staysthehand:synecdoche,apartforthewhole;restrainspeopleornations(fromlaunchingaworldwar);mankindsfinalwar:Athirdworldwarwouldbemankindslastwarbecauseitwilldestroymankind.,Para.13,c)Bothsidesaretryingtochangethisuncertainbalanceofthisterriblemilitarypowerwhichrestrains/preventeachgroupfromlaunchingtheThirdWorldWar.,Para.14-18,pointoutco-operation/differentproposalstryingtofindoutspecificfieldinwhichwecanagreewitheachother.,sincerityisalwayssubjecttoproof-,Onessinceritymustbeprovedbyfacts.Peoplemaysayorpromiseallkindsofthingsbuttheymustbeprovedbydeeds.,subjectto,dependingon取决于，尚待，在的条件下Theyhaveauthoritytodecide,subjecttotheministersapproval.Thetreatyissubjecttoratification.认可，批准Theplanissubjecttoconfirmation.,belabor,setuponwithtoomuchtalkoradvice责备Ifyoubelaborapointinadiscussionorexplanation,youkeeptalkingaboutitoremphasizingitinaboringway.Thereisnoneedtobelaborthepoint.,Letbothsidesseekitsterrors:Letbothsidestrytocallforththewonderfulthingsthatsciencecandoformankindinsteadofthefrightfulthingsitcando.Letbothsidestrytousesciencetoproducegoodandbeneficialthingsformaninsteadofemployingittobringfrightfuldestruction.Invoke:callforth;bringintoactionorexistence,Letbothsidesunitegofree:aBiblicalquotationinkeepingwithhisBiblicalstyle,andperhapsinkeepingwithhisCatholicupbringing.,undotheheavyburdens.,ABiblicalquotationisusedinkeepingwithhisbiblicalstyle;inkeepinghisCatholicupbringing.,Para.19,pointoutpurpose,objectWemustworktogethertomakeanewworldorder.strongarejust-Thestrongnationsdonotbullytheweak.weaksecure-Theweaknationsfeelsafe.,Andifabeachheadofsuspicion:metaphor,asmallbeginning(ofcooperation)comparedtoa“beachheadanddeepandwidespread(suspicion)toa“jungle”.Andifalittlebitofcooperationcanlessenthedeepsuspicionthatexistsonbothsides,thenletus,Whatarethespecificproposals?,1.controlarms2.use/developscienceforpeacepurposeinsteadofthewarpurpose.explorethestarsconquerthedeserteradicatediseasetaptheoceandepthsencouragetheartandcommerce3.enjoyhumanrights,Para.20conclusion,onehundreddays-historicalallusion,famousperiodinAmericanhistory,inPresidentF.D.Rooseveltspresidentialterm,onehundreddays,Duringthefamous“hundreddays”(Mar-Jun.1933),Rooseveltsadministrationrushedthroughcongressafloodofanti-depressionmeasures(morethan70billsforapproval),whichweregenerallyknownasRoosevelts“NewDeal”.“新政”,Para.21-27,HeappealstohisfellowAmericanstosupporthimandtodoeverythingtheycan,eventosacrificetheirlivesfortheircountry.,Para.21-27,past-ManyAmericansdiedfortheircountry.Theyshowedtheirloyaltytotheircountry.present-Nowourgenerationiscalledupontofacethechallengeofthecoldwar,tostruggleagainstpovertyanddisease.,Para.21-27,twilightstruggle-notclear,abstract,Tyranny,poverty,diseaseandcoldwarsarenotbloodywars.,“rejoicinginhope,patientintribulation”,-忍受困苦，向往未来biblicallanguagetobehappywhenthingslookbrightandhopefultobepatientindistress/introuble,Para.23,Rhetoricalquestionsaremoreforceful.,para.24,emphasizingthesituationandresponsibilityHetriestoarouseAmericanpeoplesemotionsbysayingyoumustbeveryproudandglorious,foryouareborninthistimeandyouaregivensuchagreatduty.,para.24,Hedeliberatelyexaggeratesthesenseofurgencyandhewantstomakepeoplefeelthattheyaresacrificingforanimportantandgloriouscause.,para.24,freedominitshourofmaximumdangerWeareinthegreatestdangeroflosingfreedom,para.24,theenergy;thefaiththedevotion=light,fire,glowTheenergy,thefaithandthedevotionthattheAmericansbringtothistaskwillinspirenotonlytheUnitedStatesandherpeoplebutalsothewholeworld.,para27conclusion,askof=inquireof(formal)(ofsb)demandus-thepresidentandmembersofhiscabinetyou-peopleoftheUSandtheworld,para27conclusion,Wedemandyoutoshowhighstandardsofstrengthandsacrificeandwealsowantyoutodemandustoshowthesamehighstandardsofstrengthandsacrifice.,withagoodconscience.,Ourreliablerewardisonlyagoodconscience.,withhistorythefinal.,Historywillfinallyjudgewhetherwehavedone