福利经济学英文复习题.

福利经济学英文复习题答案201411REGARDLESSOFHOWTHEINITIALRESOURCECONFIGURATION,DECENTRALIZEDCOMPETITIVEMARKETCANBEACHIEVEDBYSELFINTERESTEDBEHAVIOROFINDIVIDUALTRANSACTIONSWALRASIANEQUILIBRIUM,ANDTHISEQUILIBRIUMMUSTBEPARETOEFFICIENTCONFIGURATION,CONSISTENTWITHPARETOOPTIMAL（）EFFECT2PARETOEFFICIENTALLOCATIONOFRESOURCESEACHCANBEACHIEVEDTHROUGHMARKETMECHANISMS（）ALLPEOPLESHOULDDOISTOENABLETHEGOVERNMENTTOMAKESOMEINITIALAMOUNTOFREDISTRIBUTION3INTHECASEOFNONDICTATORSHIP（）,THERECANBENOSOCIALWELFAREFUNCTIONTHATAPPLYTOALLTYPESOFPERSONALPREFERENCE4THEGREATERTHETOTALNATIONALINCOME,SOCIALANDECONOMICBENEFITSISBIGTHENATIONALINCOMEDISTRIBUTION（）ISEQUAL,THEGREATERTHESOCIALANDECONOMICBENEFITS5ONLYCANBEMEASUREDBYMONETARY（）PARTOFTHESOCIALWELFAREISTHEECONOMICBENEFITS答案1帕累托最优；2市场机制；3非独裁；4收入分配；5货币的。1WELFARETHATPEOPLEMEETINTHEPHYSICALANDSPIRITUAL2INAFREECHOICESYSTEM,THEVARIOUSGROUPSOFSOCIETYINCONSTANTPURSUITOFMAXIMIZINGTHEIROWNINTERESTSINTHEPROCESS,CANMAKETHEECONOMICRESOURCESOFTHEENTIRECOMMUNITYTOGETTHEMOSTREASONABLECONFIGURATION3IFTHEECONOMYDOESNOTHAVEANYONEPERSONCANMAKETHEIRCASEWITHOUTMAKINGSOMEONEELSEWORSEOFFATTHESAMETIMETOGETBETTER,THENTHISSTATEISREACHEDTHEOPTIMALALLOCATIONOFRESOURCESEFFICIENCYISDEFINEDASPARETOEFFICIENCYBECOMES4THEFIRSTTHEOREMISABOUTTHEPURSUITOFPROFITIFTHECOMPANIESAREEACHINDIVIDUALTOPURSUETHEIRMAXIMUMEFFICIENCY,THEMARKETWILLNATURALLYWECANACHIEVEASOCIALLYOPTIMALALLOCATIONOFRESOURCES5INAPERFECTLYCOMPETITIVEMARKETCONDITIONS,THEGOVERNMENTHAVETODOISCHANGETHEINITIALENDOWMENTALLOCATIONSTATUSBETWEENINDIVIDUALSANDTHERESTOFEVERYTHINGCANBESOLVEDBYTHEMARKETPARETOEFFICIENTALLOCATIONOFRESOURCESEACHCANBEACHIEVEDTHROUGHMARKETMECHANISMS答案1福利指人们在物质和精神上的满足。2在一个自由选择的体制中，社会的各类人群在不断追求自身利益最大化的过程中，可以使整个社会的经济资源得到最合理的配置。3如果经济中没有任何一个人可以在不使他人境况变坏的同时使自己的情况变得更好，那么这种状态就达到了资源配置的最优化。这样定义的效率被称为帕累托最优效率。4第一定理是讲如果企业都追求利润，每个个人都追求自己的效益最大化，市场自然就可以达到一个社会最优的资源配置。5在完全竞争的市场条件下，政府所要做的事情是改变个人之间禀赋的初始分配状态，其余的一切都可以由市场来解决。每一种具有帕累托效率的资源配置都可以通过市场机制实现。21ASLONGASTHEPERFECTLYCOMPETITIVEEQUILIBRIUM（）ISACHIEVEDPARETOOPTIMALSTATEISALSOCALLEDTHEFIRSTTHEOREMOFWELFAREECONOMICS2DECREASINGORCONSTANTRETURNSTOSCALEREFERSTOWITHTHEEXPANSIONOFPRODUCTIONSCALE（）,PRODUCTUNITCOSTISCONSTANTORINCREASING3THETOTALSOCIALSURPLUSISCONSUMERSURPLUS（）ANDPRODUCERSURPLUS4THESOCIALSECURITYSYSTEM,INCLUDINGSOCIALINSURANCE,SOCIALRELIEF,SOCIALWELFARE,SPECIALCAREANDPLACEMENT,CORPORATESUPPLEMENTARYINSURANCE（）,PERSONALSAVINGSACCUMULATED5PUBLICGOODS（）MEANSTHATTHECONSUMERHASANONCOMPETITIVE,WITHEXCLUSIVEARTICLESONPOSSESSION答案1均衡，或均衡状态；2生产规模；3消费者剩余；4企业补充保险；5公共物品。1ASOCIALLYACCEPTEDFROMANYINITIALALLOCATIONOFSTATERESOURCESANDFAIRVIEW,TOACHIEVEPARETOOPTIMALSTATEAREREQUIREDTOAIDTHECOMPETITIVEMARKETMECHANISMSTOACHIEVETHISISTHESECONDTHEOREMOFWELFAREECONOMIC2EXTERNALECONOMICEFFECTREFERSTOTHEECONOMICACTIVITYOFECONOMICAGENTSINADVERTENTLYCAUSEGOODORBADEFFECTSONTHEECONOMYWELFAREOFOTHERS,BUTTHEREISNOREASONABLECOMPENSATIONTOOTHERSORTHEMSELVESTOBECOMPENSATED3ENGELCOEFFICIENTREFLECTSTHEPERCENTAGEOFITSTOTALPERSONALEXPENDITUREONFOODCONSUMPTIONEXPENDITURE4OPTIMALSOCIALWELFARESTATEISASTATEINWHICHEVERYONETHEIRORIGINALBASIS,WITHOUTIMPAIRINGOTHERPEOPLESCONDITIONSARENOTINPROMOTINGOFSTANDARDS5OKUNSLEAKYBUCKETPRINCIPLEOKUNBELIEVESTHATTHEGOVERNMENTSWAYTOUSEIFTHETAXTRANSFERPARTOFTHEIRINCOMEFROMTHERICHTOTHEPOOR,THEPOORACTUALLYRECEIVED,LOSTFEWERTHANTHERICH,THERICHWILLBEPARTOFTHEINCOMETRANSFERSTOTHEPOOR,HELPTOPROMOTEOFEQUALITY,BUTITWILLBRINGLOSSOFEFFICIENCY,THEREFORE,EQUALITYANDEFFICIENCYINREALITYOFTENCONTRADICTORY答案1从任何一个社会公认的公平的资源初始分配状态出发，要达到帕累托最优状态都须借助竞争性市场机制实现这就是福利经济学第二定理。2外部经济效应是指经济当事人的经济活动无意间对别人的经济福利状况造成好或坏的影响，而又没有给别人以合理的补偿或自己得到补偿。3恩格尔系数反应了个人食品支出占其全部消费支出的百分比。4社会福利状态最优是以每个人各自的状态在原有的基础上，在不损害别人的条件下都不能在增进为标准的。5奥肯漏桶原理奥肯认为，政府如果用税收的办法，从富人那里转移一部分收入给穷人，穷人实际得到的，比富人失去的要少，将富人的一部分收入转移给穷人，有利于促进平等，但却会带来效率的损失，因此，平等和效率在现实中往往是矛盾的。31ANALLOCATIONISPARETOEFFICIENTIFTHEONLYWAYTOMAKEONEPERSONBETTEROFFISTOMAKEANOTHERPERSONWORSEOFF2APARETOIMPROVEMENTISAREALLOCATIONOFRESOURCESTHATMAKESONEPERSONBETTEROFFWITHOUTMAKINGANYONEELSEWORSEOFF3THEBRANCHOFECONOMICTHEORYCONCERNEDWITHTHESOCIALDESIRABILITYOFALTERNATIVEECONOMICSTATES4THECOASETHEOREMSTATESTHATONCEPROPERTYRIGHTSAREESTABLISHEDANDTRANSACTIONCOSTSARESMALL,THENONEOFTHEPARTIESWILLBRIBETHEOTHERTOATTAINTHESOCIALLYEFFICIENTQUANTITY5THEIMPACTOFEXPENDITUREPOLICYONTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFREALINCOME答案1一项分配；2帕累托改进；3社会期望；4产权；5支出。1PRODUCTIONPOSSIBILITIESCURVEAGRAPHTHATSHOWSTHEMAXIMUMQUANTITYOFONEOUTPUTTHATCANBEPRODUCED,GIVENTHEAMOUNTOFTHEOTHEROUTPUT2ASOCIALWELFAREFUNCTIONISSIMPLYASTATEMENTOFHOWSOCIETYSWELLBEINGRELATESTOTHEWELLBEINGOFITSMEMBERS3APIGOUVIANTAXISATAXLEVIEDONEACHUNITOFAPOLLUTERSOUTPUTINANAMOUNTJUSTEQUALTOTHEMARGINALDAMAGEITINFLICTSATTHEEFFICIENTLEVELOFOUTPUT4COSTEFFECTIVEAPOLICYTHATACHIEVESAGIVENAMOUNTOFPOLLUTIONREDUCTIONATTHELOWESTCOSTPOSSIBLE5ECONOMICTHEORYHELPSISOLATEASMALLSETOFVARIABLESTHATAREIMPORTANTINFLUENCESONBEHAVIOR答案1生产可能性曲线显示在给定另外一种产品产出数量的情况下，一种产品所能产出的最大数量的图。2社会福利功能可以简单地表述为社会幸福如何与其社会成员的幸福相关联。3庇古税就是对污染者每单位产量征税，其税额正好等于污染者在效率产量水平上造成的边际损害。4成本效率一项政策在最低成本水平上所能达到的给定的污染减少量。5经济理论就是帮助人们理解那些孤立的对人的行为产生重要影响的一组变量。41WELFAREECONOMICS,ALSOKNOWNASNORMATIVEECONOMICS（）,WHICHISCHARACTERIZEDBYBOTHNORMATIVEANDPOSITIVE2PARETOIMPROVEMENT（）ISASTATETHATISAPARTOFSOCIALCHANGEMAKESTHESOCIALWELFAREINCREASES,WHILENOTREDUCINGTHEWELFAREOFOTHERMEMBERSOFSOCIETY3ECONOMICSURPLUSISACONCEPTINECONOMICSISMORECOMMON,ITISTHECONSUMERSURPLUSANDPRODUCERSURPLUS（）COMPOSEDOFTWOBASICCONCEPTS4THEREASONTHESOCIALWELFAREMONOPOLYDEROGATIONHASINEFFICIENTALLOCATION（）OFRESOURCESANDINEFFICIENTUSEOFRESOURCES5IFTHEGINICOEFFICIENT（）OF1INDICATESPERFECTINEQUALITYOFINCOMEDISTRIBUTIONACTUALLY答案1规范经济学；2帕累托改进；3生产者剩余；4低效率分配；5基尼系数。1THETHIRDPRINCIPLEISMOREFEASIBLEEXCELLENTDECISIONSONTHEBASISOFTHEPRINCIPLEOFDEVELOPMENTONTHEPARETOPRINCIPLEPROPOSED2MONOPOLYWILLNOTONLYCAUSEANETWELFARELOSSTOSOCIETY,ANDWILLGENERATERENTSEEKINGCOSTS3PUBLICGOODSREFERSNEITHEREXCLUSIVE,NORHAVEUSENATUREITEMS4FOREACHPERSON,WHENTHEMARGINALBENEFITOFPUBLICGOODSCONSUMPTIONTAXBENEFITEQUALTOTHEMARGINALNEGATIVEWHENITISTHEOPTIMALPROVISIONOFPUBLICGOODS5THESIZEOFTHETOTALSOCIALWELFAREDEPENDSNOTONLYONHOWMUCHOFTHETOTALNATIONALINCOME,BUTALSOONINCOMEDISTRIBUTIONAMONGMEMBERSOFDIFFERENTSOCIETIES答案1、第三优原理是在帕累托最优原理发展的基础上提出的较为可行的决策原则。2、垄断不仅会造成社会净福利损失，而且会产生寻租成本。3、公共物品指既不具有排他性，也不具有竞争性的物品。4、对每个人而言，当公共物品消费的边际效益等于税收的边际负效益时，这一点就是公共物品的最优供给。5、社会总福利的大小不仅取决于国民收入总量的多少，也取决于国民收入在不同社会成员之间的分配。51ATPRESENT,AGOODORBADJUDGMENTOFSOCIALWELFAREWHICHISGENERALLYACCEPTEDBYPEOPLEISTHESTANDARDOFPARETO（）2OLDWELFAREECONOMICSREPRESENTEDBYPIGOUISBASEDONCARDINALUTILITY（），THENEWWELFAREECONOMICSREPRESENTEDBYPARETOISBASEDONORDINALUTILITY3THENONEFFICIENCYOFTHEMONOPOLISTICPRODUCTIONISDIVIDEDINTOTHREETYPESNONEFFICIENCYINRESOURCEALLOCATION,NONEFFICIENCYINRESOURCEUTILIZATION,CORRUPTIONCOST4THETWOTOOLTOINSPECTTHECONDITIONOFINCOMEDISTRIBUTIONISTHELORENZCURVE（）ANDTHEGINICOEFFICIENT5THETHREEMAINMODESTORAISETHESOCIALSECURITYFUNDAREPAYASYOUGOSYSTEM（），FULLFUNDEDSYSTEM，PARTIALLYFUNDINGSYSTEM答案1帕累托标准；2基数效用；3寻租成本；4洛伦茨曲线；5现收现付模式。1THETHIRDPRINCIPLEISMOREFEASIBLEEXCELLENTDECISIONSONTHEBASISOFTHEPRINCIPLEOFDEVELOPMENTONTHEPARETOPRINCIPLEPROPOSED2ENGELCOEFFICIENTREFLECTSTHEPERCENTAGEOFITSTOTALPERSONALEXPENDITUREONFOODCONSUMPTIONEXPENDITURE3ASLONGASTHECOMPLETECOMPETITIONACHIEVETHEEQUILIBRIUMSTATE,ITISPARETOOPTIMALSTATE,ITSHOWSTHATTHEDESIRABILITYOFMARKE