大学英语2山东自考课件-unit-3-text-B

Unit3textB,Thehistoryofbooks,1.ThefirstknowninventorofprintinginEuropewasJohannesGutenbergofGermany.ThefirstbookprintedinhisworkshopwasaLatinBible.Afewcopiesofthisfirstbookstillexist.Theyarenowoverfivehundredyearsold.TheGutenbergBiblewasprintedonahandpresswithtypemadeoflead.Mostofthecopieswereprintedonpaper,butafewwereprintedonvellum.Thebooksareabout12incheswideand16.5incheslong.,Next,home,2.MenwhohadbeentrainedinGutenbergsworkshopsoonestablishedthemselvesasindependentprinters.By1500,aboutfiftyyearsafterthefirstBiblewasprinted,morethan30,000bookshadbeenprinted.TheBiblewasstillthemostpopularbook.Otherchurchbookswerealsoprinted,aswereGreekandLatinclassics,historybooks,andastronomybooks.,home,Next,up,3.Thetoolsofthefirstprintersweresimpleandcouldbemovedabouteasily.AttheendofthefifteenthcenturythereweremorethanathousandprintersinEurope.SincemanypeoplecouldnotreadLatinandGreek,booksweresoonprintedinvariouslanguages.Theprintersalsobegantomakethebookssmaller,sothattheycouldbehandledmoreeasily.,home,Next,up,Furthermore,theprintersbegantomaketheirbooksmoreelaborate,addingpicturesandornamentallettersatthebeginningofchapters.Graduallythelettersofthetypeweremadesmaller,finerandmoredelicate.Thelettersbegantolooklesslikemanuscriptletters,andeventually,theformoftheletterswassimplifiedtothepointwheretheywerewell-adaptedtothemetalofthetype.,home,Next,up,4.Sometimesbookswereillustratedwithwoodcuts.Blocksofwoodwerecarvedsothatthewhitepartsofthepicturewerebelowthesurfaceofthewood.Whenthesurfacewasinkedandstampedontopaper,thedarkpartofthepicturewasreproduced.Thefirstattempts,ofcourse,wererathercrude,buteventuallytheblockprintersweremakingmeticulousandartisticillustrations.Florence,inItalyandLyons,inFrance,becamefamousfortheirillustratedbooks.,home,up,Next,5.Intheseventeenthcentury,greatnumbersofreligiouspamphletswereprinted.Thesepamphletswerenotalwaysneatorartisticbecausethewriterswereonlyinterestedinspreadingtheirideasquickly,andthereadersdidnotconsidertheappearanceofthebookimportant.Theartofmetalengravingwasdevelopedaboutthistimeandenabledprinterstoillustratetheirbookswithpicturesofveryfine,delicatelines.Theuseofanengravingonthefirstpageofabookbecamepopular.Thequalityofthepaperimprovedtoo.,home,up,Next,6.By1800,handprinterscouldnotsupplyenoughbookstosatisfythedemand.Bookswerenotprintedfastenoughwhenhand-madepaperandwoodenhandpresseswereused.Fortunatelly,aboutthistime,manymachineswereinventedthataidedinthemassproductionofsuchproductsascottonandwoolencloth.Theinventionofnewtypesofprintingmachinesandpapermachines,home,up,Next,followedontheheelsoftheseinventionsandhelpedtospeeduptheproductionofbooks.Thepapermachineproducedpaperinrollsinsteadofsheets;andtheironhandpressenabledtheprintertouselargerpiecesofpaperonwhichmoretextcouldbeprintedinlesstime.Finally,thelinotypewasinvented,amachinewhichcouldcastanentirelineoftypeatonetime.,home,up,Next,7.Inthetwentiethcentury,manybookshavebeenproducedinpaper-backeditions.Althoughthesebooksdonotlastaslongasthosewithclothorleatherbindings,theyaremuchcheaper.Thus,manypoorpeoplewhocouldnotaffordbooksbefore,cannowbuythem.Todaybooksareavailabletoeveryonebecausetheyarenolongerexpensive,theydonottakelongtoproduce,and,consequently,theyarenolongerrare.,home,up,Next,Becauseofthisprogressinbookproduction,moreandmorepeoplearelearningtoread.Moreandmorepeoplearenowwritingbooks,aswellasreadingthem,sothattheliteratureoftheworldisbeingconstantlyenriched.,home,up,home,Back,elaborate:a.复杂的，详尽的，精心制作的v.1)(on/uponsth)详尽阐述，详细描述2）精心制订，制作,e.g.,elaboratedesigns/decorationsanelaboratecomputersystem,精心的设计/装饰,e.g.,Shewentontoelaborateherargument.,她进而详尽阐述了她的观点。,Next,精密地计算机系统,e.g.,home,Inhisplayshetakessimpletraditionaltalesandelaboratesthem.,他在剧本里采用了一些简单的传统故事并进行了发挥。,up,Back,home,manuscript:n.1）手稿，原稿2）（印刷术发明以前书籍或文献的）手写本，手抄本,e.g.,anunpublished/originalmanuscriptIreadherpoemsinmanuscript.,未经发表的/原始的手稿,我读过她的诗作的原稿。,Back,home,tothepoint:adv.扼要，中肯。,Back,home,Back,stamp:n.信函，包裹；印章，戳v.1)重踏，重踩2）盖印，章(oftenpassive)AonB/BwithA在上盖（字样或图案等）；把（字样或图案等）盖在上,e.g.,Itriedstampingmyfeettokeepwarm.,我跺了一阵脚想暖和暖和。,e.g.,Illstampthecompanynameonyourcheque.Themakersnamewerestampedingoldonthebox.,我会把公司的名字印在你的支票上。,盒子上盖有制作者的金色印章。,home,crude:a./n.1)粗略的，简略的，大概的2）（物体或艺术品）粗糙的，粗制的3）冒犯的，粗俗的,e.g.,Incrudeterms,thecauseofmentalillnessseemtobeofthreemainkind.,简略地说，导致精神病的原因看起来有三种。,e.g.,acrudedrawingofface,脸部的略图,Next,e.g.,Back,home,crudejokes/language,粗俗的笑话、语言,up,Back,home,meticulous:a.(insth/doingsth);(aboutsth/indoingsth)细心的，小心翼翼的,e.g.,Hesalwaysmeticulousinkeepingtherecordsuptodate.Theroomhadbeenpreparedwithmeticulouscare.,他总是十分细心地补充最新的资料。,他们的房间是经过细心布置的。,Back,home,Back,artistic:a.1)艺术的，艺术家的2）有艺术天赋的；（尤指）有美术才能的3）有艺术性的，精美的,e.g.,aworkofartisticmerit,艺术价值很高的作品,e.g.,Shecomesfromaveryartisticfamily.,她出身于艺术世家。,e.g.,anartistic