高三语法——补语

补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的,起补充说明作用的成份。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作补语。,一、主语补足语名词Iwasthoughtagenius.Atthemeetinghewaselectedmonitor.2.形容词Thebottlewasfoundempty.3.副词Hewascalledback.,3.不定式（todo）Wearenotallowedtoplayfootballonthestreet.Hewasmadetocopythesentence.4.现在分词（-ing）Tomwasfoundlyinginthebed.Hewasheardsinginginthehall.5.过去分词（-ed）Hisfacewasseenreflectedinthewater.Thenewswasheardspokenofinthenextroom.,一、宾语补足语名词Everyonethinksmeagenius.Atthemeetingweelectedhimmonitor.2.形容词Ifoundthebottleempty.Whatyousaidmadehimangry.3.副词Pleasecallhimback.Hetookhiscapoff.,3.不定式（todo）Theteacherdontallowustoplayfootballonthestreet.Wemadehimcopythesentence.(使役动词省to)4.现在分词（-ing）IfoundTomlyinginthebed.Wehearhimsinginginthehall.5.过去分词（-ed）Hesawhisfacereflectedinthewater.Ihearditspokenofinthenextroom.,Attention：非谓语充当补语,一带to的不定式（todo）作宾补的动词常见的有：ask,invite,tell,want,encourage,wish,expect,beg,request,require,advise,order,force,cause,allow,permit,forbid,warn,remind,teach,send,callon,waitfor,wouldlike/love/prefer等表示劝请、要求类动词后，用带to的不定式作宾补。Theteacheraskedusnottomakesomuchnoise.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhimnotto.,二.在使役动词，如make,let,have后，作宾补的不定式不带to，但在其被动式后作主语补足语时，要加上to。Thoughhehadoftenmadehislittlesister_,todayhewasmade_byhislittlesister.A.cry,tocryB.crying,cryingC.cry,cryD.tocry,cry2.Pauldoesnthavetobemade_.Healwaysworkshard.(全国卷)A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning,三在感官动词feel,listento,hear,see,lookat,watch,notice，observe等后面，当宾语与作宾补的非谓语动词在逻辑上是主动关系时，用不带to的不定式(全过程)，或者-ing作宾补(正在发生)；是被动关系时，用过去分词作宾补。Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenhergrowupfromchildhood.Themissingboywerelastseenplayingneartheriver.Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketoseecarriedoutthenextyear.,四.want,get,have宾语后可接现在分词、过去分词或动词不定式，但意义不同。wantsb.doing希望某人做某事(多用于否定)；wantsb.todo要某人做某事；wantsth.done=wantsth.tobedone(被动)。Idontwantyouarrivinglate.我希望你不要迟到。(主动、否定句)Iwanttheletter(tobe)openednow.我现在就想把这封信拆开。(被动),getsb.todosth.使某人做某事(主动、将来);getdoing使开始做某事;getdone=havesth.done请人做/遭受(被动)。Illtrytogethertoseethedoctor.havesth.done=getsth.done请人做某事;havesb/sth.doingsth.使某人/某物一直做某事或者处于某种状态；havesb.dosth.使某人做某事(使役动词)；havesth.todo有事要做(见非谓语动词作定语部分)。Hedidntkeeponaskingmethetimeanylongerashehadhadhiswatchrepaired.,五.leave,keep,find等后可用现在分词(主动)或过去分词(被动)作补语，一般不用todo。在catch(撞见),smell(闻到)后通常只接现在分词作补语，不用不定式或过去分词。1.Itwassocoldthattheykeptthefireburningallnight.2.Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfoundsmokinginthekitchen.3.Dontleavethewaterrunningwhileyoubrushyour4.Thethiefshouldbekeptboundedbeforethepolicecome.5.Helookedaroundandcaughtamanputtinghishandintothepocketofapassenger.6.Ismellsomethingburninginthekitchen.,六.makeoneself后常用understood等过去分词作宾补。makeoneselfunderstood/heard/seen/known让别人明白自己的意思/让自己讲的话被别人听到/让自己被别人看到/让自己被别人认识。Thespeakerraisedhisvoicebutstillcouldntmakehimselfheard七.在表示“认为”的think,consider,believe,suppose,prove,find,understand,judge,imagine等动词后,可跟tobe作补语(认为是);在think,consider,believe等之后还可跟tohavedone作补语(认为做了)。1.CharlesBabageisgenerallyconsideredtohaveinventedthefirstcomputer.,八.在besaid,bereported,bebelieved,besupposed,bethought等后面接不定式。Thefluisbelievedtobecausedbyvirusesthatliketoreproduceinthecellsinsidethehumannoseandthroat.Hewasreportedtohavebrokentheworldrecord.,九.在with的宾语后，若用过去分词，表示宾语与过去分词在逻辑上是被动关系，且意味着该动作已经发生；若用现在分词，表示宾语与现在分词在逻辑上是主动关系，且表示动作的持续进行；Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishandstiedbehindhisback.Withtimegoingby,peopleattachmoreimportancetoknowledge.注意：若用带to的不定式，则表示将来的动作，宾语与不定式在逻辑上可以是主动关系也可以是被动关系，此时的不定式不是作宾补而是作宾语的定语了。3.Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.,ONealworkshard.Heisoftenseen_heavilybeforehisteammateshaveevenarrivedatpractice.sweatedB.tobesweatedC.sweatingD.beingsweated2.Wewerepleasedtoseetheold_atthenursinghome.beingwellcaredforB.caredwellforC.beenwellcaredforD.caringforwell,3.Whodidtheboss_hiscarthistime?makewashB.maketowashC.makewashingD.makingtowash4.ThoughIhaveoftenheardthissong_.Ihaveneverheardyou_it.beingsung;sangB.sang;singingC.sung;singD.tobesung;tosing5.Helookedaroundandcaughtaman_hishandintothepocketofapassenger.A.putB.tobeputtingC.toputD.putting,6.Theresultoftheelectionwasnotmade_untillastFriday.knowingB.knownC.toknowD.tobeknown7.Thegirlisstillfastasleep,withherhead_deepinherarms.buryB.toburyC.buriedD.burying8.MrBlackfeltlikeacatonthehotbrickswithsomuchwork_.A.todoB.doneC.doingD.beingdone,9.-Yo