ACT各单项介绍-ACT阅读-主旨题.ppt

,一.主旨的定义,主旨=主题（KW）+方向（正负感情色彩）+关系词（逻辑）,一.主旨的定义,Whyyoumaywondershouldspidersbeourfriends?Becausetheydestroysomanyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld.Theywoulddevourallourcrops,andkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.,Weowealottothebirdsandbeastswhoeatinsectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyedbyspiders.Moreover,unlikesomeoftheotherinsect-eaters,spidersneverdotheleastharmtousorourbelongings.,一.主旨的定义,“主题”是这段话讲的事物（spiders）“方向”是该事物是好是坏（friends）“关系词”是维持或者改变方向的标志（Because、and和Moreover）。,二.如何掌握主旨,错误方法：匀速阅读，精读每个单词和句子正确方法：变速阅读，先慢后快,二.如何掌握主旨,汉语族人的思维方式是“螺旋式”的，喜欢画龙点睛，“Savethebestforthelast”。英语族人的思维方式是“直线式”的，喜欢直入主题，“Saywhatyouwanttosay,thensaywhy”。70%-80%的英语段落都是首句是主题句,二.如何掌握主旨,变速阅读：精读首句（把握首句的“主题”和“方向”）浏览全段（把握全段的“关系词”），,二.如何掌握主旨,Alltheseactivitiesmayhavedamagingenvironmentalimpacts.Forexample,landclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion;,二.如何掌握主旨,andthespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythedisappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsordiseasesinfuture.,二.如何掌握主旨,精读首句：主题是“environmentalimpacts”方向是“damaging”（负向）浏览全段关系词：Forexample及四个并列的分句维持着首句的方向。主旨：“环境影响是破坏性的”,二.如何掌握主旨,Dramaissometimesseenasabranchofliteraturebecauseplays，likeliterature,areoftenprintedinbookform.However,thereisanimportantdifferencebetweenthetwoforms.Unlikeanovel，aplayiswrittentobeperformed,andthescriptofaplayisnotafinishedwork；itisanoutlineforaperformance.,二.如何掌握主旨,Thephysicalproductionoftheplay-thescenery,lighting，andcostumes-willaffecttheperformance,andsowilltheactors.Howtheactorsinterprettheirrolesgreatlyinfluencestheplayseffectontheaudience.,二.如何掌握主旨,精读首句：主题是“drama”和“literature”方向是“abranch”主旨是“戏剧与文学的相同点”因果关系词because和类比关系词like都是维持方向的。,二.如何掌握主旨,浏览全段：转折关系词：However和unlike说明方向发生了改变主旨：“戏剧与文学是不同的”。（第二句）,二.如何掌握主旨,Mother,whowantedtokeepher,alwaysthoughtsofherassomewildlittlebird,butIknewshewasahomingpigeon.Iknewthatatsomepointinherflightpath,soonerorlater,shewouldmakeaU-turn.Asortofhumanboomerang.,二.如何掌握主旨,SoeventhoughIhadlongsincestoppedexpectingit,IwasnotsurprisedwhenIwalkeddownthegraveldrivetothemailbox,whichIdpaintedpapayayellowtoattractgoodnews,andfoundtheflimsyenvelopewiththeDallaspostmark.,主旨题,1.内容性主旨题2.目的性主旨题,内容性主旨题,如果文章有明显主题句，则对其作同义替换新老观点对比型：新观点为主题句现象解释型：正确解释为主题句问题解决型：正确的解决方法为主题句结论解释型：开头的结论为主题句,内容性主旨题,如果无明确的主题句，则使用三出现原则。1.KW必须出现2.细节不能出现3.新内容（文中未提到）不能出现,新老观点对比型(468),Traditionally,manufacturershaventhadtoworryaboutwhathappenstoaproductafteritleavestheirgates.Butthatisstartingtochange,thankstolawsnowinthewingsinEurope(andheadedfortheUnitedStates)thatwillrequirecompaniestotakebacktheirdurablegoodssuchasrefrigerators,washers,andcarsattheendoftheirusefullives.,新老观点对比型(468),InGermany,thetake-backlawsstartwiththeinitialsale.Companiesmusttakebackalltheirpackagingorhiremiddlementodotherecycling.Take-backlawsmeanthatmanufacturerswhohavebeensaying,“Thisproductcanberecycled,”mustnowsay,“Werecycleourproductsandpackaging.”,现象解释型(472),ResearchershavesuggestedmanyscenariosfortheMartianapocalypse.SomehaveproposedthatthesungraduallywhittledawayMarsatmospherewithitswindofchargedparticles.Othershavehypothesizedthattheplanetitselfabsorbedmostofitsatmosphere,turningcarbondioxideintocarbonaterocks.,现象解释型(472),Forthepastsevenyears,however,AnnVickeryandJayMelosh,twoplanetaryscientistsfromtheUniversityofArizona,havebeenexploringafarmorespectacularending:mostofMarsatmosphere,theysuggest,wasblastedawaybyasuccessionofasteroidsandcomets.,结论解释型(186),Theremarkablethingaboutdinosaursisnotthattheybecameextinct,butthattheydominatedtheearthforsolong.Dinosaursheldswayfor100millionyearswhilemammals,allthewhile,livedassmallanimalsintheintersticesoftheirworld.After70millionyearsontop,wemammalshaveanexcellenttrackrecordandgoodprospectsforthefuture,butwehaveyettodisplaythestayingpowerofdinosaurs.,问题解决型(181),“Yougoingtoinvitethemhere?”“Ihaventthoughtthatfar”Isaid.“Dontputitoff”“Maybeyoureworr