大学英语四级论说文ppt课件

.,大学英语四级论说文,.,一、对立观点型A或B,写作要领这类作文以考生面临的两种选择为主题，最终以考生本人的选择和态度归结全文。如果考生对选择的态度是明确的，即二者选其一，那么考生分别阐述两种不同的观点的时候应该有自己的主观倾向性。比如：对赞成事物的优点要详写，缺点要略写；对反对的事物则反之，从而使自己的论点得以实现。如果考生的态度是不明确的，即两者各有利弊，那么就不应该完全肯定某一个事物，也不应该彻底否定另一事物。如果个人看法与文章前面列举的某种观点相同或相似并且需要论述理由时，考生要避免简单的重复前面提到的论据。,.,中文模块：第一部分：引言。阐述标题中涉及的现象并提出问题；第二部分：第一种选择。第一种选择及其理由或者优缺点；（这一部分可以独立成段，也可以与第一部分合为一段，或者与第三部分合为一段）第三部分：第二种选择。可以用对照关联词引出第二种选择及其理由或者优缺点；第四部分：考生自己的选择。综合前面的分析，表明自己的态度或做法，并且简述选择的理由。,.,英文模板：1999年6月四级真题ReadingSelectivelyorExtensively?Outline:1.有人认为读书要有选择2.有人认为应当博览群书3.我的想法,.,Whenitcomestotheissueofreadingselectivelyorextensively,differentpeoplehavedifferentopinions.(引出主题）Itisheldbysomepeoplethatoneshouldreadselectively.(引出选择A)Butitisalsobelievedbyotherpeoplethatoneshouldreadextensively.(引出选择B)Thosewhoholdthefirstopinionthinkthatonestimeandenergyarelimitedandonecanneverreadasmanybooksashewishes.(选择A的论据）Incontrast,thosewhoholdthesecondviewthinkthattoknow,.,theworldfromallperspectivesoneshouldabsorbavarietyofknowledgebyreadingextensively.(选择B的论据）Astome,Iagreewiththeformeropinion.(提出个人观点）Admittedly,onecanabsorbmoreknowledgebyreadingextensively,butitdoesntfollowthatoneshouldreadwithoutdiscriminations.(选择的理由1）Asonestimeandenergyarelimited,oneshoulddevotehislimitedtimeandenergytoreadingrelevantandbeneficialbooks.Itsawasteoftimetoreadirrelevantbooks.(选择的理由2）Furthermore,somebooksareharmfultoonesmind.Ifwedontreadbooksselectively,wewillbeledastraybyharmfulbooks.(选择的理由3）,.,2005年12月真题ShouldtheUniversityCampusBeOpentoTourists？Outline1.名校校园正成为旅游新热点2.校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同3.我认为,.,Nowadayssomefamousuniversitycampuseshavebecomenewpopularvisitingspots.Moreandmorepeoplecometovisitthem.(引言）However,peoplehaveverydifferentviewsastowhethertheuniversitycampusesshouldbeopentotourists.（引出观点）Somethinkthattheuniversitycampusesshouldbeopentotouristsforitcanhelppeopletohaveachancetofeeltheculturalatmosphereonthecampuses.Itisofparticularimportanceforthosewhodreamtostudytherebutstillhavenochancetodoso.（观点A及其理由）,.,Whileothersfeelthattourismwillspoilthequietnessofthecampusesandconsequentlythestudentscannotconcentrateontheirattentiononstudy.（观点B及其理由）Inmyopinion,famousuniversitycampusesshouldbeopentotouristsbecauseweallknowuniversitiesshouldbeopenplacesandbeabletoacceptthosewhoarewillingtofeeltheatmospherethere.Butactuallyinordertokeeptheuniversitiesrunningsmoothlyasbefore,theremustbesomerulestoguidethetourists.(我的观点及其看法）,.,常用句型1.点明主题的常用句型(1)Should/What?Opinionsof/Attitudestowardvarywidely/greatly/frompersontoperson.Somethinkof/regard/viewas.Othersargue/believe/claim(2)Whenbeingaskedabout,differentpeoplehavedifferentviews/perspectiveson(3)Thereisanargument/muchdisagreement/noconsensusofopinionsamongpeopleconcerning/over/asto/on,.,(4)Nowadays,peoplearedividedonthequestionastowhether(5)Theissue/questionofwhetherornothasbeenwidelyargued/debatedcurrently.(6)Nowadays/recently/thesedays/currently,therehasbeenaheateddiscussion/asensationaldebateontheissueof./onwhetherornotweshould(7)Whenitcomesto,peoplesideas/views/notions/opinionsvaryfrompersontoperson/fromonetoanother,.,2.阐述对立观点的常用句型(1)Somepeoplesuggest/maintain/holdtheopinionthat,but/however/while/nevertheless/yetotherpeopleholdadifferentpointofview(2)SomepeopleareinclinedtothinkthatOnthecontrary/Incontrast/Bycontrast/Ontheotherhand,therearestillmanypeoplewhowontagree,andtheyclaim(3)Whenitcomesto,somepeoplethinkthatWhile/But/Andothersargue/claimthattheopposite/reverseisusually/alsotrue/thecase.,.,(4)Thosewhocriticize/opposeto/objecttoarguethatButpeoplewhofavor/advocate.,ontheotherhand,maintain/assertthat(5)Nowadays,anoverwhelmingmajorityofpeoplethinkthatNevertheless,therearestillsomepeopleoftheopinionthat3.表达个人意见常用的句型(1)Personally,Ithink/believe/suggestthat(2)Inmycase,Iprefer/favorthat(3)Inmyopinion,isthemosteffective/desirable/suitablewayto,.,(4)Formypart/Astome/AsfarasIamconcerned,Idliketoagreewiththeformer(thelatter)/myfavorgoestothefirstway.(5)Iminfavorof/onthesideof,.,二、解决问题型（“how”模块）,写作要领本模块立意在”how”，以“方法”、“途径”、“怎么办”为文章的核心，是考生重点着墨之处。而且在列举方法和途径时，不仅要使问题的原因和解决对应起来，而且要通过firstly,secondly,whatsmore等连接词的使用来确保文章的连贯性和条理性，从而使文章紧凑有序。,.,中文模块第一部分：引言。提出问题，即对现状，形势或困难的描述；第二部分：主体。分析问题和解决问题，即列举做某事的途径或问题解决的方法；第三部分：评价或选择。对第二部分中提及的途径进行简要评价或选取其中一两种自己认为合适的方法，途径，略述选择依据。,.,四级考试中出现的此类文章1990年6月MakeOurCitiesGreener1992年6月HowIOvercomeDifficultiesinLearningEnglish1997年6月GettingtoKnowtheWorldOutsidetheCampus2000年1月HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation2001年1月HowtoSucceedinaJobInterview,.,2000年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation.Youshouldwriteatleast100words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.上大学的费用（tuitionandfees）可以通过多种途径解决2.哪种途径适合我（说明理由）HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation,.,Nowadays,tuitionandfeesforcollegearemuchhigherthaneverbefore.(现象）Howtofinanceoneseducation(引出主题)hasbecomeamatterofconcernformanypeople.Therearevariouswaysforastudenttopayhistuitionandfees.Tobeginwith,ifthestudentisquiteexcellentinhisstudy,hecanapplyforscholarship.(解决方法1）Secondly,especiallyinChina,hecandependonhisparentsforallkindsofexpenditure,includinglivingallowances.(解决方法2）Besides,hecanchoosetoturntothebankforaloantopayhiseducation,whichhecanrepayaftergraduation.,.,(解决方法3）Ifhefindsalltheabovenotdesirable,hestillhasanotherwaytogo-todoapart-timejobandworkhiswaythroughcollege(解决方法4）Inmycase,Iamfortunateenoughtobebornintoawell-to-dofamilyandhavenodifficultyhavingmyparentspayforallmyfees.(选择1及其原因）Butasacollegestudent,Idislikeatotallydependentexistence,soIamworkingpart-timeasanewspaperboytohelpsupportmyself.(选择2及原因）AndIamalsostudyinghard,hopingtowinsomescholarshiponedaysothatIcanbewhollyself-reliantandindependent.(选择3及原因）,.,2001年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowtoSucceedinaJobInterview?Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:1.面试在求职过程中的作用2.取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是.,.,Nowadays,inanevertighterjobmarket,greatimportancehasbeenattachedtoaninterviewbyboththeemployerandtheapplicant.Theinterview,sotospeak,hasbecomeindispensableforgettingasatisfactoryjob.Ontheonehand,theinterviewercantakeadvantageoftheoccasiontolearnaboutthecandidates,suchastheirworkexperiences,educationandtheirpersonalities,soastopickouttherightpersonforthecompany.Ontheotherhand,theintervieweecanmakeuseoftheopportunitytogettoknowthejobheisgoingtotakeup,thesalary,theworkingconditionsandmanyotherthingsaboutthejobheisinterestedin.Therefore,thejobinterviewisveryimportanttoajob-hunter.Buthowcanonesucceedinit?Firstlyof,.,all,theintervieweemustpayattentiontohisorherappearance.Thefirstimpressionisalwayswherewestart.Getdressedproperlyandneatly.Secondly,goodmannersareequallyimportant.Dontbetooproud,andneithertootimid.Justbecourteous.Thirdly,theintervieweemustdemonstratehisaptitudeandskillsforthejobandhisknowledgeaboutthejob-relatedareas.Beconfident.Lastbutnottheleast,theintervieweeoughttobehonestabouthisorherpersonalaswellasacademicbackground,forhonestyisthebestpolicy.Tosumup,thejobinterviewisindeedimportant,butthereisnoneedtobenervous.Aslongastheintervieweehastheabilityforthejob,withcarefulpreparationandafairlyconfidentandhonestperformance,hisorhersuccesscanbeensured.,.,常用句型1.引出问题的常用句型(1)Nowadays/recently/currently,therisein/phenomenonof/problemof/questionofhasaroused/drawnpublic/social/popular/great/world-wide/nation-wideattention.(aroused/causedwide/general/considerable/internationalconcern)(2)Nowadays/recently/currently,theissue/problem/questionofhasbeenbroughtintofocus/broughtintopublicattention.,.,(3)Inrecentyears,manycities/nations/people/studentshavebeenfaced(troubled)with/experienced(witnessed,undergone)the(a(an)seriousproblemof/alarmingincreasein(4)Withtherapid/marked/amazing/greatdevelopmentof/improvementof/increasein/declinein,moreandmore(5)Oneofthebiggestissues/hottesttopics/mostpopularthings/mostseriousproblemsmanypeopletalk/complainaboutnowis,.,2.解决问题的常用句型(1)Tosolvethisproblem,therearemany/several/anumberof/avarietyofdifferent/effective/feasibleways.FirstSecondFinally(2)Facedwith/Confrontedwith,weshouldtakeseriesofeffectivemethods/measures/approachestocopewith/dealwith/handle/solvetheproblem.ForonethingForanotherthingFinally(3)Agreatnumber/variety/dealofsolutions/proposals/suggestionsarebeingoffered.SomepeoplesuggestthatOtherssuggestthat,.,三、说明利弊型AdvantagesandDisadvantages,写作要领本模块立意在“优点缺点”，以某一社会现象的优点和缺点为短文的主要内容，以考生的评论或观点作为结论。文章通常先客观描述某一事物的正反两个方面，或优劣或利弊，或积极或消极因素，而后由考生权衡利弊，提出本人的结论或扬长避短的体会。短文展开方式主要为对比法和列举法,.,四级考试种出现的考题1993年1月PositiveandNegativeAspectsofSports1996年1月Two-dayWeekends中文模块第一部分：引言。简述标题中涉及的某一事物或现象；第二部分：优点。列举该事物或现象的优点或积极因素；（可单独成段，也可与第一部分或第三部分结合）第三部分:缺点。用对比关联词引出缺点或消极因素第四部分：考生的个人体会。权衡利弊，阐述个人体会或者如何扬长避短的方法,.,1993年6月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicPositiveandNegativeAspectsofSport.Youshouldwritenolessthan100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.运动的积极因素；2.运动的消极因素；3.你的体会,.,Sportsdousgoodinmanyaspects.(优点的主题句）Itgoeswithoutsayingthattakingexercisescanbuildupourphysicalstrength.(优点1）Incollectivesportslikebasketball,volleyball,orfootball,wewilllearntheimportanceofcooperation.(优点2）Whiletakingpartinsportsgame,wewilltryourbesttowinandarouseinourselvesthecompetitivespirit.(优点3）Everycoinhastwosides,andsportsarenoexception.(引出缺点）Wemayhurtotherplayersorourselvesifwearenotcarefulenoughwhenparticipatinginsports,.,Activities.(缺点1）Andagain,excessiveorseveretrainingcanalsodoharmtoourhealth,whichisjusttheoppositetowhatweexpect.(缺点2）Generallyspeaking,Ilovesports.(提出个人看法）Ifeelthatsportsmakemehealthybothphysicallyandpsychologically.(理由1）AndIhavealsomademanyfriendsandderivemuchpleasurefromtakingpartinsports.(理由2）,.,1996年1月Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicTheTwo-dayWeekend.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.双休日给大学生带来的好处。2.双休日可能给大学生带来的问题。3.我应当怎样过好双休,.,Therearemanyadvantageswiththepracticeoftwo-dayweekendstobelisted.Itcanprovidepeoplewithenoughtimetorestafterawholeweeksexhaustingwork.Besides,itenablespeopletohavesufficienttimetotakepartinvariouskindsofsocialaswellasrecreationalactivities.Furthermore,theygivepeopleadequatetimetoplanandpreparefortheworktheyaretodonextweek.However,thedisadvantagesoftwo-dayweekendsarealsoobvious.Manypeopledonotalwaysknowhowtomakegooduseofthelongweekends.SomeindulgeinpassiveentertainmentssuchaswatchingTVandseeingfilms.Othersexhaustthemselves,.,Byexcessiveoutdoorgames.Andstillothersevenfoolishlywastetheirweekendsatcardsorinthegamblinghouse.Inspendingameaningfulweekend,Ithink,peopleshouldplantheirleisurecarefully.Recreationandrestshouldalternate.Inotherwords,thosewhodoinactiveworkatdeskonweekendshadbettertakeupakindofrecreationthatwillgivetheirmusclessomeexercises.Thosewhospendmostoftheirtimeintheopenairandhaveconstantmuscularemploymentmaybebetteroffdoingsomereadingorotherquietformsofactivitiesatweekends.,.,常用句型1.说明优点的常用句型(1)Asisoften/frequentlypointedoutthat,itcertainlyhelppeopletosolve/benefitForalltheadvantages,italsobringsotherscontentthat(2)Thereareseveraladvantagesin/ofThefirst/biggestadvantageisthat(3)Forall/Inspiteof/Despitethedisadvantages/sideeffects/adverseeffects,ithasitscompensatingadvantages/beneficialeffects.,.,(4)hasapositiveimpact/influence/effectonpeopleslives.2.说明事物缺点的常用句型(1)Likeanythingelse,ithasalsoitsfaults/shortcomings/disadvantages/weaknesses/problems/harmfuleffects(2)Howeverjustlikeanythingelse,itisnotwithoutlimits/weakness/problems/faults/defects.Theprincipaloneis/ForonethingBesides/Foranother(3)However,justaseverythinghastwosides,alsohasmanydisadvantages.,.,(4)Astheproverbgoes,everycoinhastwosides/everymedalhasitsreverseisnoexception.(5)However,thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent/obvious/evident.Tobeginwith,Tomakeitworse,.Worstofall3.对比事物利弊的常用句型(1)Inmycase,theadvantagesoverweigh/carrymoreweightthanthedisadvantages.(2)Withtheseproblemsandthebenefits,.,Hasexertedonus,Ithinkwhatismoreimportantisitspositiveside.(3)However,Istillbelievehasmoreadvantagesthandisadvantages.(4)Infact,theadvantagesof/gainedin/derivedfrom.faroutweigh/aremuchgreaterthanthedisadvantages/problems.entails.(5)Serious/High/Greatastheproblem/cost/difficultymaybe,italmostdisappearsintoinsignificancecomparedwith,.,四、现象分析型-Why,写作要领此类作文重在探讨某一现象的社会根源，所以原因的分析是全文的核心。考生对现象的分析应该建立在对图表和文字提示正确理解的基础上。建议以因果和枚举法来展开对现象的原因分析，最终得出关于该现象或发展趋势的结论，也可以提出它给人们以何种启示。,.,中文模块第一部分：现状。概述某一现象或问题；第二部分：原因或根源。阐述导致该社会现象或发展变化的深层次原因；第三部分：结论或评述。对该社会现象发展变化进行理性预测或利弊评述，也可提出个人的看法或观点。四级真题：1994年1月份TheWorldIsGettingSmallerandSmaller,.,Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicTheWorldIsGettingSmallerandSmaller.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.现代的交通工具越来越发达2.人与人之间的交往越来越频繁3.结论,.,TheWorldIsGettingSmallerandSmallerMostofusmayhavesuchexperiences:(引出某一现象）whenyougotosomeplacefarawayfromthecityyouliveinandthinkyouknownobodythere,youaresurprisedtorunintooneofyouroldclassmatesonthestreet.Perhapsbothofyouwouldcryout,”Whatasmallworld!”Whyistheworldgettingsmallerandsmaller?(提出全文主题）Foronething,moderntechnologyhasmadevariousmeansoftransportationmoreandmoreadvanced.(原因1主题句）Forinstance,in2000BC,thefastesttransportationavailableformanoverlongdistanceswasthecamelcaravan,averagingeightmilesperhour.Withthepassageoftime,thereappearedships,cars,trainsandevenplanes,whose,.,speedcansurpassthatofsound.Theycancarrypeopleanywheretheywanttogowithinquiteashorttime.(原因1扩展句）Besides,noonefailstonoticethatgreatchangeshavealsotakenplaceinourdailylife.(原因2主题句）WecanbuycommoditiesproducedintheU.S.withoutgoingabroad;wemeetwithmoreandmoreforeignersonthestreet;wecantalkwithfriendsinanothercontinentthroughtheInternet.Indeed,thecontactamongdistantpeopleismoreandmorefrequent.Toconclude,(得出结论）thesizeoftheworldisjustwhatitusedtobe,butdeepinpeoplesmind,itseemstobegettingsmallerandsmaller.,.,常用句型基本原因的常用句型（1）Thereareprobablymany/several/three/anumberof/avarietyofreasons/causesforthisdramatic/marked/significant/extraordinaryincrease/decline/growth/changeinFirstSecondFinally(2)Whyhave/did/are?Foronething/Tobeginwith/Onereasonis.Foranother/Inthesecondplace/Anotherreasonis(3)Theanswerto/explanationforthisproblem/phenomenoninvolvesmany/severalcomplex/complicated/interrelatedfactors/reasons.Perhapsthemainfactor/reasonis,.,(4)Theincrease/decline/change/success/failuremainlystems(results,arises,comes)from/ischieflycausedby(becauseof,bornof)/islargelydueto(owingto,attributableto)thefact/severalfactors.(5)Many/Various/Severalfactorsweigh/affectheavily/greatlyfor/against/infavorof表明影响后果的常用句型（1）Thereareanumberofdepressing/disturbing/destructiveconsequencesof/effectsonPerhapsthemostserious/disastrous/potential/corrupting/detrimentalconsequence/effectis(2)Thegreat/considerable/deep/desirableeffect/influence/impactthechangemakes/exerts/hasonisevident/apparent/obvious.,.,(3)Itwillhave/exercise/exet/produce/bringaboutadecisive/profound/far-reaching/beneficial/unfavorable/disastrouseffect/impact/influenceon(4)Theinfluence/effect/consequenceofhasnotbeenconfined/limitedtoItalso(5)Theimmediate/eventual/consequentresultitproduces/bringsaboutisAndperhapsthemostobvious/directresultofis.,.,五、格言警句型,本模块立意在某一谚语的理解及例证，英语中有许多脍炙人口的谚语和警句，以它们为标题的作文很多，这样的文章一般从理解开始，然后举例说明其寓意。中文模块第一部分：格言警句的理解。开门见山引出格言警句，并对其作出解释；第二部分：例证一。可以使用考生生活，学习中的事例来说明其寓意；第三部分：例证二。引用第二个例证来进一步说明（这一部分除了可以独立成段外，也可以与第二部分合为一段，或是与第四部分合为一段）；第四部分：结语。可以用一个终结句来与文章主题呼应。,.,四级考题1997年1月PracticeMakesPerfectDirections:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicPracticeMakesPerfect.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.怎样理解“熟能生巧”？2.例如：在英语学习中3.又如,.,ThereisanoldsayinginChina:practicemakesperfect.(提出谚语）Onlywhenyoudomorepracticecanyoumakethingsperfect.(解释谚语）Thisistruenotonlyinourlearningbutalsoinotherwalksoflife.(提出例证的两个方向）TakethestudyofEnglishforexample.(例证1）Practiceenablesustospellwordscorrectly,mastergrammaticalrulesqu