高级口译真题2003年3月

高级口译真题2003年3月SECTION1LISTENINGTESTPARTASPOTDICTATIONDIRECTIONSINTHISPARTOFTHETEST,YOUWILLHEARAPASSAGEANDREADTHESAMEPASSAGEWITHBLANKSINITFILLINEACHOFTHEBLANKSWITHTHEWORDORWORDSYOUHAVEHEARDONTHETAPEWRITEYOURANSWERINTHECORRESPONDINGSPACEINYOURANSWERBOOKLETREMEMBERYOUWILLHEARTHEPASSAGEONLYONCEIMSOGRATEFULFORTHEHOSPITALITY,ANDHONOREDFORTHERECEPTIONATONEOFCHINAS,ANDTHEWORLDS,GREATUNIVERSITIESIWANTTOTHANKTHESTUDENTSFOR_1TOMEETWITHYOU,THECHANCETOTALKALITTLEBITABOUTMYCOUNTRYANDANSWERSOMEOFYOURQUESTIONS_2OFTHISUNIVERSITYAREKNOWNAROUNDTHEWORLD,ANDIKNOWWHATANACHIEVEMENTITISTOBEHERESO,CONGRATULATIONSMYVISITTOCHINACOMES_3THIRTYYEARSAGOTHISWEEK,ANAMERICANPRESIDENTARRIVEDINCHINA_4DESIGNEDTOENDDECADESOFESTRANGEMENTANDTO_5PRESIDENTRICHARDNIXONSHOWEDTHEWORLDTHATTWO_6COULDMEETONGROUNDSOFCOMMONINTEREST,INTHESPIRITOF_7DURINGTHETHIRTYYEARSSINCE,AMERICAANDCHINAHAVE_8OFFRIENDSHIPANDCOMMERCEANDASWEHAVEHADMORECONTACTOFEACHOTHER,THE_9HAVEGRADUALLYLEARNEDABOUTEACHOTHERANDTHATSIMPORTANTONCEAMERICAKNEWCHINAONLYBYITSHISTORYAS_10TODAY,WESEEACHINATHATISSTILLDEFINEDBYNOBLETRADITIONSOFFAMILY,_11ANDWESEEACHINATHATISBECOMINGONEOFTHEMOST_12SOCIETIESINTHEWORLD,ASDEMONSTRATEDBYTHEKNOWLEDGEANDPOTENTIALRIGHTHEREINTHISROOMCHINAIS_13,ANDAMERICAWELCOMESTHEEMERGENCEOFASTRONGAND_14CHINAASAMERICALEARNSMOREABOUTCHINA,IMCONCERNEDTHATTHECHINESEPEOPLEDONOTALWAYS_15OFMYCOUNTRYTHISHAPPENSFORMANYREASONS,ANDSOMEOFTHEMAREOF_16OURMOVIESANDTELEVISIONSHOWSOFTENDONOTPORTRAYTHEVALUESOFTHEREALAMERICAIKNOWOURSUCCESSFULBUSINESSESSHOW_17,BUTOURSPIRIT,COMMUNITYSPIRIT,ANDCONTRIBUTIONSTOEACHOTHERARENOTALWAYSVISIBLEAS_18MYCOUNTRYCERTAINLYHASITSSHAREOFPROBLEMS,NOQUESTIONABOUTTHATANDWE_19LIKEMOSTNATIONSWEREONALONGJOURNEYTOWARDACHIEVINGOUROWN_20PARTBLISTENINGCOMPREHENSIONDIRECTIONSINTHISPARTOFTHETESTTHEREWILLBESOMESHORTTALKSANDCONVERSATIONSAFTEREACHONE,YOUWILLBEASKEDSOMEQUESTIONSTHETALKS,CONVERSATIONSANDQUESTIONSWILLBESPOKENONLYONCENOWLISTENCAREFULLYANDCHOOSETHERIGHTANSWERTOEACHQUESTIONYOUHAVEHEARDANDWRITETHELETTEROFTHEANSWERYOUHAVECHOSENINTHECORRESPONDINGSPACEINYOURANSWERBOOKLETQUESTIONS151ATEACHINGGRAMMARBGOINGTOADULTCLASSESCLEARNINGITALIANDSTARTINGARESTAURANT2ABECAUSEITALIANDOESNOTHAVEAVERYLARGEVOCABULARYBBECAUSEINITALIANONEWORDMEANSALOTOFTHINGSCBECAUSETHEITALIANGRAMMARISSIMPLECOMPAREDWITHOTHERGRAMMARSDBECAUSETHEITALIANGRAMMARISSIMILARTOTHATOFENGLISH3ASHEGOESTOITALYQUITEALOTRECENTLYBSHEHADFORGOTTENALOTOFITALIANCSHEUSEDTOTEACHITALIANTOFOREIGNERSDSHEISGOODATCOOKINGITALIANMEALS4AITWASONETOONEWHENSHELEARNEDITALIANBSHELEARNEDITALIANMAINLYBYWAYOFTRANSLATIONCSHELEARNEDITALIANINABIGCLASSDSHEOFTENWENTINTOSHOPSTOPRACTICEITALIAN5ATHEFREEMEALOFFEREDBETWEENCLASSESBTHETEACHINGOFGRAMMARCTHECOMPETENCEOFTHETEACHERSDTHEFUNCTIONALTEACHINGAPPROACHQUESTIONS6106A1900B10,000C50,755D265,0007AGERMANYWILLREDUCEITSMILITARYOUTLAYSBGERMANYWILLMANUFACTUREITSOWNMILITARYAIRCRAFTCGERMANYWILLDEVELOPANEWGENERATIONOFMILITARYMISSILESDGERMANYWILLINCREASEITSMILITARYPURCHASES8AAROUND100HOMESAREBEINGAFFECTEDBATLEAST20PEOPLEHAVEBEENKILLEDINTHEBUSHFIRESCITWILLPROBABLYBETHEWORSTBUSHFIRESEASONINAUSTRALIADEXCEPTIONALLYHIGHTEMPERATURESARERESPONSIBLEFORTHEBUSHFIRES9ATOPRESSFORPAYDEMANDSBTOLENDSUPPORTTOTHESTRIKINGHOSPITALSTAFFCTOPROTESTAGAINSTINCREASINGGASPRICESDTOCUTOVERTIMEFOREMERGENCYFLIGHTS10AONEBLASTOCCURRINGATARESTAURANTKILLEDTWOPEOPLEBWARNINGSFORPOSSIBLEEXPLOSIONSCAMEBYTELEPHONECSOMEMCDONALDSRESTAURANTSRECEIVEDEXPLOSIONTHREATSDACARSHOWROOMHADTOBESHUTBECAUSEOFBLASTWARNINGSQUESTIONS111511AITSASURVEYOFSOMETOWNSANDCITIESBITSAREPORTOFINVESTMENTINENGLANDANDWALESCITSADISCUSSIONOFPOSSIBLECONSEQUENCESOFURBANIZATIONDITSASTUDYOFHOUSINGPROBLEMSINSUBURBANAREAS12AITSEXCLUSIVELYEXPERTSTALKINGBITSBASEDONTALKINGTOLOCALPEOPLECITSSPONSOREDBYLOCALBUSINESSESDITSMAINLYAGOVERNMENTSURVEY13ACAROWNERSHIPBRINGROADSCTRAFFICLIGHTSDPUBLICTRANSPORT14ASTAGGEREDWORKINGHOURSBIMPROVEDPUBLICTRANSPORTFACILITIESCCONSTRUCTINGRINGROADSDREDUCINGCAROWNERSHIP15ATHEYHAVECOSTTOOMUCHGOVERNMENTMONEYBTHEYHAVECREATEDPSYCHOLOGICALBARRIERSTOWALKINGANDCYCLINGCTHEYHAVEMADEITHARDTOTURNCITYCENTERSINTOPEDESTRIANPRECINCTSDTHEYHAVEMADESOMEPEOPLEAFRAIDOFDRIVINGTHEIROWNCARSQUESTIONS162016AGIOTTODONATELLOBDOMENICOGHIRLANDAJOCLEONARDODAVINCIDTHEGREEKANDROMANSCULPTORS17ABECAUSEHEWANTEDTOBECOMEASCULPTOR,NOTAPAINTERBBECAUSEHEWASNOTCONTENTWITHLEARNINGANATOMYSECONDHANDCBECAUSEHEHADVERYDIFFERENTIDEASABOUTARTDBECAUSEHELIKEDTODRAWFROMLIVINGMODELS18ATHESCULPTUREOFDAVIDBTHECEILINGOFTHESISTINECHAPELCTHECREATIONOFADAMDAPORTRAITOFPOPEJULIUSII19ATHIRTEENMONTHSBTWENTYTHREEMONTHSCFORTYFIVEMONTHSDFORTYEIGHTMONTHS20ABECAUSEITISAVERYOLDWORKOFARTBBECAUSEPEOPLECANRARELYSEEITNOWCBECAUSEITCONVEYSANCIENTIDEASABOUTARTDBECAUSEITCANBESEENONMANYPRINTEDMATTERSSECTION2READINGTESTDIRECTIONSINTHISSECTIONYOUWILLREADSEVERALPASSAGESEACHONEISFOLLOWEDBYSEVERALQUESTIONSABOUTITYOUARETOCHOOSEONEBESTANSWER,A,B,CORD,TOEACHQUESTIONANSWERALLTHEQUESTIONSFOLLOWINGEACHPASSAGEONTHEBASISOFWHATISSTATEDORIMPLIEDINTHATPASSAGEANDWRITETHELETTEROFTHEANSWERYOUHAVECHOSENINTHECORRESPONDINGSPACEINYOURANSWERBOOKLETQUESTIONS15AUDIENCESFROMMINORITYETHNICGROUPSCOMPLAINEDABOUTTOKENISM,NEGATIVESTEREOTYPINGANDSIMPLISTICPORTRAYALOFTHEIRCOMMUNITIESONTELEVISIONISAREPORTPUBLISHEDYESTERDAYBUTPROGRAMMESSUCHASTHECOMEDYSHOWSGOODNESSGRACIOUSMEANDALIGANDTHELONGRUNNINGSOAPCORONATIONSTREETWEREPRAISEDASBEINGSTEPSINTHEFIGHTDIRECTIONTHEREPORT,MULTICULTURALBROADCASTINGCONCEPTANDREALITY,WASRELEASEDBYTHEBBC,THEBROADCASTINGSTANDARDSCOMMISSION,THEINDEPENDENTTELEVISIONCOMMISSIONANDTHERADIOAUTHORITYITEXPLORESATTITUDESTOWARDSMULTICULTURALBROADCASTINGFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFTHEAUDIENCEANDFROMWITHINTHETELEVISION,RADIOANDADVERTISINGINDUSTRIESALLTHOSEQUESTIONEDFROMMINORITYETHNICGROUPSSAIDTHEIRCOUNTRYOFORIGINWASNOTREPRESENTEDATALLORWASNEGATIVELYPORTRAYEDONTELEVISIONTHEREWASALSOASENSEOFINSUFFICIENTCOVERAGEOFEVENTSCONCERNINGTHEIRCOUNTRIESOFORIGINTHEPERSPECTIVESOFETHNICANDRACIALMINORITIESWERENOTFEATUREDSUFFICIENTLYONTERRESTRIALTELEVISION,ACCORDINGTO69OFTHOSEWORKINGINTELEVISIONOFTHERADIOSAMPLE,45AGREEDTHEREWASCONCERNABOUTSTEREOTYPICALPORTRAYALOFCERTAINISSUESGROUPSFROMTHEASIANSUBCONTINENTSPOKEOFTHEWAYINWHICHARRANGEDMARRIAGESWEREPRESENTEDONTELEVISIONTHEYFELTTREATMENTOFTHEISSUEWASNEITHERACCURATENORREFLECTIVEOFTHEWAYINWHICHTHESYSTEMHADCHANGEDTHEISSUEOFTOKENISMWASALSOSIGNIFICANTSOMEPEOPLEFELTCHARACTERSFROMMINORITYETHNICGROUPSWEREINCLUDEDINPROGRAMMESBECAUSEITWASEXPECTEDTHEYSHOULDBE,RESULTINGINCHARACTERSWHOWEREILLDRAWNANDUNIMPORTANTAUDIENCESFELTBROADCASTERSHADASOCIALDUTYTOINCLUDEAUTHENTICANDFAIRREPRESENTATIONSOFMINORITIESASITWOULDFOSTERUNDERSTANDINGOFDIFFERENTCULTURESANDALLOWCHILDRENTOSEETHEMSELVESREPRESENTEDPOSITIVELYITWASSEENASIMPORTANTTHATMINORITYGROUPSSHOULDBEINCLUDEDINSOAPOPERASORGAMESHOWS,ASTHEYHAVEHIGHVIEWINGFIGURESTHEYSHOULDALSOBEMOREREPRESENTEDASPRESENTERSINNEWSANDDOCUMENTARYPROGRAMMINGAUDIENCESFROMTHESUBCONTINENTSAIDTHEYDIDNOTWANTTOBELABELLEDASIANANDCALLEDFORTHEIRDISTINCTIVECULTURALIDENTITIESTOBEACKNOWLEDGEDSIMILARLY,THOSEWITHINMIXEDRACEBLACKGROUPSSAIDTHEIRISSUESWERERARELYREPRESENTEDTHROUGHOUTTHEAUDIENCERESEARCHWASANUNDERLYINGFEELINGTHATASALLPEOPLEPAIDALICENCEFEEFORTHEBBC,ITHADAGREATEROBLIGATIONTOCATERTOMINORITYTASTESYOUNGERWHITEPARTICIPANTSTENDEDTOFINDITDIVISIVETOHAVEPROGRAMMESAIMEDATPARTICULARGROUPS,ANDTHOUGHTITBETTERTOCONCENTRATEONACHIEVINGFAIRERREPRESENTATIONINTHEMAINSTREAMBOTHAUDIENCEANDINDUSTRYGROUPSAGREEDTHATALTHOUGHPROGRESSHADBEENMADEINTHEPASTFIVEYEARS,THERESTILLNEEDEDTOBEBETTERREPRESENTATIONOFMINORITIESONSCREENANDBEHINDTHESCENESITISAPPARENTINTHEREPORTTHATETHNICMINORITYGROUPSARESTILLUNDERREPRESENTEDINEMPLOYMENTONLY32OFPEOPLEINRADIOAND22OFTHOSEINTVAGREEDTHATNUMBERSOFPEOPLEFROMMINORITIESINDECISIONMAKINGROLESHADINCREASEDINTHELASTFIVEYEARSBUTTHEOVERWHELMINGFEELINGAMONGTHOSEWORKINGINTHEADVERTISINGINDUSTRYWASTHATCOMMERCIALOBJECTIVESSHOULDTAKEPRIORITYPAULBOLT,DIRECTOROFTHEBSC,SAID“THEREPORTSHOWSWHERETHINGSCANBEDONEINDEVELOPINGFUTUREPOLICIES“WEAKNESSINNUMBERSTHENUMBEROFPEOPLEFROMMINORITYETHNICGROUPSONAIRHASINCREASEDONLY32OFTHETVINDUSTRYSAMPLETHOUGHTTHEREHADBEENAGROWTHINPROGRAMMINGRELEVANTTOTHEGROUPSINRADIOTHEFIGUREWAS63ONLY32OFTHOSEWORKINGINRADIOAND22INTELEVISIONAGREEDTHENUMBEROFETHNICMINORITYSTAFFINDECISIONMAKINGROLESHADINCREASEDINTHELASTFIVEYEARSTHEPERSPECTIVEOFETHNICANDRACIALMINORITIESWERENOTFEATUREDSUFFICIENTLYONTERRESTRIALTV,ACCORDINGTO69OFTHOSEINTELEVISIONOFTHERADIOSAMPLE,45AGREEDTHISWASTRUE1THEPROGRAMMESOFGOODNESSGRACIOUSME,ALIG,ANDCORONATIONSTREETCITEDINTHEPASSAGE_AARETHEBESTEXAMPLESOFNEGATIVESTEREOTYPESBSERVEASTHEEVIDENCETOSUPPORTTHECONCLUSIONOFTHEREPORTCSHOWTHESIGNIFICANCEOFTOKENISMINMASSMEDIADDISPLAYTHEPOSITIVEATTITUDETOWARDSMULTICULTURALISSUES2ACCORDINGTOTHEPASSAGE,THEPORTRAYALOFASIANSARRANGEDMARRIAGESONTELEVISION_ADOESNOTREFLECTCHANGEDMARRIAGESYSTEMBACCURATELYDESCRIBESTHECHANGEOFMARRIAGESYSTEMCDOESNOTSHOWTHEROMANTICSIDEOFSUCHMARRIAGESYSTEMDCRITICIZESSTRONGLYTHETRADITIONOFTHEASIANCOMMUNITY3THEWORD“TOKENISM“USEDINTHEPASSAGECANBESTBEPARAPHRASEDAS_AUTTERDISTORTIONBFANCIFULPORTRAYALCACCURATECHARACTERIZATIONDSUPERFICIALREPRESENTATION4WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGCANNOTBETRUEACCORDINGTOTHEPASSAGEATHEISSUEOFTOKENISMONTELEVISIONIMPLIESTHEPREJUDICEAGAINSTETHNICMINORITIESBTHEREPORTISBASEDONLYONTHEINVESTIGATIONOFTHEAUDIENCEFROMMINORITYGROUPSCPEOPLEWORKINGINTELEVISION,RADIOANDADVERTISINGINDUSTRIESAREALLINVESTIGATEDDPEOPLEWORKINGINTHEADVERTISINGINDUSTRYAREMORECONCERNEDWITHCOMMERCIALTARGETS5ITCANBECONCLUDEDFROMTHEPASSAGETHAT_ATHEREPORTONMULTICULTURALBROADCASTINGISMADEANDRELEASEDBYBBCBFAIRREPRESENTATIONOFMINORITIESSHOULDBEBASEDONUNDERSTANDINGOFDIFFERENTCULTURESCTHESITUATIONOFTOKENISMINTELEVISION,RADIOANDADVERTISINGINDUSTRIESVARIESGREATLYFROMONEANOTHERDEMPLOYMENTOFETHNICMINORITIESISWELLREPRESENTEDONTERRESTRIALTELEVISIONQUESTIONS610MARTINMILLS,25,KEEPSALOWPROFILEINORDERTOSTAYSAFEINHISTOUGHNEIGHBORHOODHECLEANSHOTELSFOR250AWEEKANDTHENGOESSTRAIGHTHOMETOATHREEBEDROOMHOUSEINAPREDOMINANTLYAFRICANAMERICANAREAONTHENORTHSIDEOFWILMINGTON,DELHELIVESWITHFIVEOFHISSIXCHILDRENANDHISGIRLFRIENDHISYOUNGERBROTHERWASROBBEDATGUNPOINTANDSHOTINTHEHEADAFEWYEARSAGO“IDONTBOTHERANYBODY,“HESAYS“ITRYTODOFIGHT,KEEPACOOLHEAD“HENEEDEDONEONSEPT3,WHENSEVENOREIGHTCOPSDESCENDEDONHIMASHEWASLEAVINGTHECORNERDELITHEYJUMPEDOUTOFANUNMARKEDVANAND,ACCORDINGTOMILLS,KNOCKEDOVERHIS1YEAROLDSONINTHEIRHASTETOCOLLARMILLSTHEYFRISKEDHIM,THENSHOVEDACAMERAINHISFACEHESAYSHEHEARDANOFFICERSAY,“WEARETAKINGYOURPICTURENOWFORANYTHINGYOUMIGHTDOINTHEFUTURE“THEYTHENLETHIMGOWITHOUTCHARGINGHIMWITHANYCRIMEWILMINGTONPOLICESAYTHEYHAVE“NORECORD“OFMILLSCASEBUTTHEIRCHIEF,MICHAELSZCZERBA,MAKESNOAPOLOGIESFORHISDEPARTMENTSLATESTEFFORTTOCRACKDOWNONDRUGSTHISSUMMERUNITSOFASMANYAS18AGENTS,KNOWNTOLOCALSAS“JUMPOUTSQUADS,BEGAN“STOPPINGINDIVIDUALS,USUALLYAFRICANAMERICANSLIKEMILLS,ATDRUGINFESTEDSTREETCORNERSINSEARCHOFGUNS,CRACKANDHEROINTHEPOLICEWOULDTHENTAKEADIGITALPHOTO,EVENWITHNOEVIDENCEOFMALFEASANCE,TOFILEINADATABASETHATSZCZERBASAYSCANBEACCESSED“IFWESEEASUBSEQUENTVIOLATION“THEDEPARTMENTPLANSTOCONTINUEINDEFINITELYWHATITCALLSOPERATIONBOLDEAGLETHENOTIONOFCOLLECTINGMUGSHOTSOFPOTENTIALCRIMINALSHASSPARKEDCOMPARISONSTOTHEFUTURISTICTHRILLERMINORITYREPORT,INWHICHAFICTIONALHIGHTECHPOLICEUNITIDENTIFIESCRIMINALSBEFORETHEYCOMMITCRIMES,ANANALOGYTHATSZCZERBASAYSISLAUGHABLEHEADDSTHATITIS“HIGHLYIMPROBABLE“THATINNOCENTPEOPLEWERECAUGHTUPINTHESWEEPSBUTPOLICESTATISTICSSHOWTHATNEARLY20OFTHEMORETHAN600PEOPLEDETAINEDTHUSFARWERENOTCHARGEDWITHANYOFFENSEACCORDINGTOTHE1968SUPREMECOURTDECISIONTERRYVOHIO,POLICECANCONDUCT“STOPANDFRISKS“IFTHEYHAVEAREASONABLE,PARTICULARIZEDSUSPICIONTHATCRIMINALACTIVITYISAFOOTANDASUSPECTISDANGEROUSBUTTHEYCANNOTUSETHESESTOPSTOGOFISHINGFORCRIMINALSINHIGHCRIMEAREASCOPSOFTENFUDGETHATDISTINCTION“POLICESTOPGENERALLYYOUNGMALESINHIGHDRUGTRAFFICAREASBASEDONVERYLITTLESUSPICIONALLTHETIME,“SAYSBILLSTUNTZ,AHARVARDLAWSCHOOLPROFESSOR“THEREALITYONTHESTREETSISSOMEDISTANCEFROMWHATTHELAWSAYS“INWILMINGTON,THEPOLICEINSISTTHATTHEYABIDEBYTHELAWBYENGAGINGINSURVEILLANCEBEFORETHEYSENDOUTTHEJUMPOUTSQUADSBUTWHATESPECIALLYBOTHERSTHEWILMINGTONOPERATIONSCRITICS,WHORANGEFROMCIVILLIBERTARIANSTOLOCALPOLITICIANS,ISTHEPICTURESTAKENBYTHEPOLICETHEACLUISCONSIDERINGSUINGTHEPOLICEDEPARTMENTIFITCONTINUESTHECANDIDSHOTSSAYSONEOFTHEGROUPSDIRECTORS,BARRYSTEINHARDT“THEPREMISEOFTHEFOURTHAMENDMENTISTHATYOUDONTQUESTIONPEOPLE,DETAINTHEMANDYOUCERTAINLYDONTTAKEPHOTOSANDENTERTHEMINTOADATABASEUNLESSYOUHAVEREASONABLECAUSE“MOSTEXPERTSBELIEVETHATASLONGASTHEINITIALSTOPISLEGAL,THEPOLICECANTAKEWHATEVERPHOTOSTHEYWANTTHESUPREMECOURTHASHELDTHATPEOPLECANHAVENOEXPECTATIONOFPRIVACYWHENTHEYAREINPUBLICTHATSWHYTHEGOVERNMENTWASABLETOSCANTHEFACESOFFANSATLASTYEARSSUPERBOWLANDWHYITCANVIDEOTAPEDRIVERSTOMAKESURETHEYDONTRUNAREDLIGHT“POLICECANTAKEPHOTOSOFPEOPLEINPUBLICPLACES,“SAYSSTANFORDLAWPROFESSORROBERTWEISBERG“ITCANBEUGLY,IMMORAL,AUTHORITARIAN,BUTITSNOTUNCONSTITUTIONAL“MANYWILMINGTONRESIDENTSAPPRECIATETHEEFFORTSOFTHEIRPOLICEANNMCGRELLIS,33,ASALESASSISTANTINDOWNTOWNWILMINGTON,SAYS,“THEBOTTOMLINEIS,IFYOURENOTDOINGANYTHINGWRONG,YOUDONTHAVETOWORRYABOUTTHEJUMPOUTSQUADS“MILLS,WHOBELIEVESHEWASTARGETEDBECAUSEOFHISRACEANDADDRESS,MIGHTBEGTODISAGREE6ACCORDINGTOTHEPASSAGE,MINORITYREPORT_AISWRITTENBYWILMINGTONPOLICEABOUTITSACTIONPLANBTELLSTHEUSEOFHIGHTECHINDETECTINGCRIMINALSINSTORYFORMCISMAINLYABOUTTHE1968CASETERRYVOHIODILLUSTRATESTHETARGETSANDPROCESSESOFTHEOPERATIONBOLDEAGLE7THEPOLICESTATISTICSTHAT“NEARLY20OFTHEMORETHAN600PEOPLEDETAINEDTHUSFARWERENOTCHARGEDWITHANYOFFENSE“PARA3SHOWSTHAT_AFEWINNOCENTPEOPLEWERECAUGHTINTHE“SWEEPS“OPERATIONBPOLICECHIEFSZCZERBAISCORRECTINHISANALYSISOFTHEIRACTIONC20OFTHEPEOPLEDETAINEDWEREWAITINGFORTHEIRSENTENCEDTHEPOLICEACTIONTOCRACKDOWNCRIMESCANNOTBEFULLYJUSTIFIED8INTHESENTENCE“COPSOFTENFUDGETHATDISTINCTION“PARA4,THEWORD“FUDGE“CANBESTBEPARAPHRASEDAS_ATAKENONOTICEOFBGIVEFREEINTERPRETATIONOFCDONOTUNDERSTANDDFEELPUZZLEDABOUT9WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGCANNOTBEINFERREDFROMTHEPASSAGEAPROFESSORBILLSTUNTZANDPROFESSORROBERTWEISBERGDIFFERINTHEIRVIEWSBWILMINGTONPOLICEISNOTAPOLOGIZINGFORTAKINGPICTURESOFINNOCENTPEOPLECTHEAUTHORREACHESHISOWNCONCLUSIONOVERTHEISSUEDTHESUPREMECOURTHASEXPRESSEDITSSUPPORTTOWILMINGTONPOLICE10WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGEXPRESSESTHEMAINIDEAOFTHEPASSAGEATHECASEOFMARTINMILLSISANEXCEPTIONINWILMINGTONPOLICEACTIONBMOSTWILMINGTONRESIDENTSWELCOMETHERECENTPOLICEACTIONCTAKINGPICTURESOFINNOCENTPEOPLEONTHESTREETISACONTROVERSIALISSUEDTAKINGPHOTOSOFPEOPLEINPUBLICBYPOLICEISLEGALANDCONSTITUTIONALQUESTIONS1115EVERSINCEITSDISCOVERY,PLUTOHASNEVERREALLYFITTEDINAFTERTHEPALEANDGLOWINGGIANTNEPTUNE,ITISLITTLEMORETHANACOSMICDUSTMITE,SWEPTTHROUGHTHEFARTHESTREACHESOFTHESOLARSYSTEMONAPLANEWILDLYTILTEDRELATIVETOTHERESTOFTHEPLANETSITISSMALLERTHANNEPTUNESLARGESTMOON,ANDTHEAREAOFITSORBITISSOOVALTHATITOCCASIONALLYCROSSESITSMASSIVEBLUENEIGHBORSPATHFORYEARS,ITHASBEENSEENASOURSOLARSYSTEMSODDESTPLANETYESTERDAY,HOWEVER,SCIENTISTSRELEASEDPERHAPSTHEMOSTCONVINCINGEVIDENCEYETTHATPLUTO,INFACT,ISNOTAPLANETATALLFORTHEFIRSTTIME,ASTRONOMERSHAVEPEEREDINTOABELTOFROCKSBEYONDPLUTOUNKNOWNUNTIL10YEARSAGOANDFOUNDAWORLDTHATRIVALSPLUTOINSIZETHESCIENTISTSPOSITTHATLARGERROCKSMUSTBEOUTTHERE,PERHAPSEVENLARGERTHANPLUTO,MEANINGPLUTOISMORELIKELYTHEKINGOFTHISDISTANTREALMOFSPACEDETRITUSTHANTHETINIESTOFTHENINEPLANETSWHENDISCOVEREDIN1930,“PLUTOATTHATPOINTWASTHEONLYTHINGTHATFAROUTTHERE,SOTHEREWASNOTHINGELSETOCALLITBUTAPLANET,“SAYSMIKEBROWN,ANASTRONOMERATTHECALIFORNIAINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYINPASADENA“NOWITJUSTDOESNTFIT“INONESENSE,THEQUESTIONOFPLUTOSPLANETARYSTATUSISARCANE,THEPROVINCEOFPOCKETPROTECTEDSCIENTISTSANDSUNDEPRIVEDPENPUSHERSDETERMINEDTODECIDESOMEOFFICIALDESIGNATIONFORABALLOFDUSTANDICE3BILLIONMILESAWAYYETITISALSOUNQUESTIONABLYSOMETHINGMOREFROMSCIENCEFAIRDIORAMASTOGOVERNMENTFUNDING,PLANETSHOLDASPECIALPLACEINTHEPUBLICIMAGINATION,ANDHOWPLUTOISEVENTUALLYSEENBYKIDSANDCONGRESSALIKECOULDSHAPEWHATFUTUREGENERATIONSLEARNABOUTTHISMYSTERIOUSOUTPOSTONTHEEDGEOFTHESOLARSYSTEMTHEDEBATEHASSPLITTHEASTRONOMICALCOMMUNITYFORDECADESEVENBEFORETHEDISTANTBANDOFROCKSKNOWNASTHEKUIPERBELTWASFOUND,PLUTOSUNUSUALBEHAVIORMADEITSUSPICIOUSELSEWHERE,THESOLARSYSTEMFITINTONEARFAMILIESTHEROCKYINNERPLANETS,THEASTEROIDBELT,THEHUGEANDGASEOUSOUTERPLANETSPLUTO,THOUGH,WASPECULIARWITHTHEDISCOVERYOFTHEKUIPERBELTCOUNTLESSBITSOFROCKANDICELEFTUNUSEDWHENTHEWHEELOFTHESOLARSYSTEMFIRSTFORMEDPLUTOSUDDENLYSEEMEDTOHAVECOUSINSYETUNTILYESTERDAY,ITHELDTOITSPLANETARYDISTINCTIONBECAUSEITWASFARLARGERTHANANYTHINGLOCATEDTHERETHERUBNOWISQUAOARPRONOUNCEDKWAHOAR,1BILLIONMILESBEYONDPLUTOANDROUGHLYHALFASLARGENAMEDAFTERTHECREATIONFORCEOFTHETRIBETHATORIGINALLYINHABITEDTHELOSANGELESBASIN,QUAOARFORECASTSPROBLEMSFORTHEERSTWHILENINTHPLANET,SAYSDISCOVERERDRBROWN“THECASEISGOINGTOGETALOTHARDERTODEFENDTHEDAYSOMEBODYFINDSSOMETHINGLARGERTHANPLUTO,“TOSOME,THEPROBLEMISNOTWITHPLUTO,BUTTHEDEFINITIONOF“PLANET“INSHORT,THEREISNONETOTHEGREEKS,WHOCOINEDTHETERM,ITMEANT“WANDERER,“DESCRIBINGTHEWAYTHATTHEPLANETSMOVEDACROSSTHENIGHTSKYDIFFERENTLYFROMTHESTARSBEHINDTHEMTODAY,WITHOURMORENUANCEDUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEUNIVERSE,THEWORDNOLONGERHASMUCHSCIENTIFICMEANINGNEWYORKSHAYDENPLANETARIUMCAUSEDACOMMOTIONTWOYEARSAGOBYSUPPOSEDLY“DEMOTINGPLUTO,LUMPINGITWITHTHEKUIPERBELTOBJECTSINITSHUGEMOBILEOFTHESOLARSYSTEMINREALITY,HOWEVER,THEPLANETARIUMWASMAKINGAMUCHBROADERSTATEMENT,SAYSNELLDEGRASSETYSON,ANASTROPHYSICISTTHERETHETEXTBOOKSOFTHEFUTURESHOULDFOCUSMOREONFAMILIESOFLIKEOBJECTSTHAN“PLANETS“THEDISCOVERYOFQUAOARSTRENGTHENSTHISIDEA“EVERYONENEEDSTORETHINKTHESTRUCTUREOFOURSOLARSYSTEM,“HESAYS“WEVEJUSTSTOPPEDCOUNTINGPLANETS“STILL,MANYARELOATHTOPARTWITHTHEPLANETPLUTOTHEYNOTETHATPLUTO,INFACT,ISDISTINCTFROMMANYKUIPERBELTOBJECTSITHASATHINATMOSPHERE,FORONEITREFLECTSAGREATDEALOFLIGHT,WHILEMOSTKUIPERBELTOBJECTSAREVERYDARKANDUNLIKEALLBUTAHANDFULOFKNOWNKUIPERBELTOBJECTS,ITHASAMOON“MAYBEPLUTO,THEN,SHOULDBEREPRESENTATIVEOFANEWCLASSOFPLANETS,“SAYSMARKSYKES,ANASTRONOMERATTHEUNIVERSITYOFARIZONAINTUCSON“ITSTHEFIRSTEXAMPLE,ANDWEAREJUSTBEGINNINGTOFINDTHISCATEGORY“11WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGISTRUEACCORDINGTOTHEPASSAGEAROCKSLARGERTHANPLUTOHAVEBEENFOUNDINTHEKUIPERBELTBTHEKUIPERB