翻译理论与实践29

作业讲评THEFOUNDERSOFMODERNSCIENCETHEMENWHOFOUNDEDMODERNSCIENCEHADTWOMERITSWHICHARENOTNECESSARILYFOUNDTOGETHERIMMENSEPATIENCEINOBSERVATION,ANDGREATBOLDNESSINFRAMINGHYPOTHESISTHESECONDOFTHESEMERITSHADBELONGEDTOTHEEARLIESTGREEKPHILOSOPHERSTHEFIRSTEXISTED,TOACONSIDERABLEDEGREE,INTHELATERASTRONOMERSOFANTIQUITYBUTNOONEAMONGTHEANCIENTS,EXCEPTPERHAPSARISTARCHUS,POSSESSEDBOTHMERITS,ANDNOONEINTHEMIDDLEAGESPOSSESSEDEITHERCOPERNICUS,LIKEHISGREATSUCCESSORS,POSSESSEDBOTHHEKNEWALLTHATCOULDBEKNOWN,WITHTHEINSTRUMENTSEXISTINGINHISDAYS,ABOUTTHEAPPARENTMOTIONSOFTHEHEAVENLYBODIESONTHECELESTIALSPHERE,ANDHEPERCEIVEDTHATTHEDIURNALROTATIONOFTHEEARTHWASAMOREECONOMICALHYPOTHESISTHANTHEREVOLUTIONOFALLTHECELESTIALSPHERES创立近代科学的那些人有两种不一定并存的长处作观察时十分耐心，设假说时有大无畏精神。其中第二种长处最早期的希腊哲学家先前曾有过，第一种长处在古代晚期的天文家身上也有相当程度的表现。但是在古代人中间，也许除亚里士达克外，没有人同时具备这两种长处，而中世纪的时候，更无人具备任何一种。哥白尼像他的一些伟大的后继者，两者兼有。关于各天体在天球上的外观运动，用当时已有的仪器所能知道的一切他全都知道；他并且认识到，地球每日自转一周这种讲法和所有天体旋转这讲法比起来，是个较简便的假说。TRANSLATIONOFPROPERNOUNSANDTECHNICALTERMS专有名词和专门术语译法PART22SEMANTICTRANSLATION意译PROPERNOUNSSUCHASTHENAMESOFORGANIZATIONS,INSTITUTIONS,NEWSPAPERS,PERIODICALS,RADIOSTATIONS,NEWSAGENCIES,BOOKS,FILMS,SOMENAMESOFPLACESIMPLYINGCERTAINMEANINGS,ANDMOSTOFTECHNICALTERMS,SHOULDGENERALLYBETRANSLATEDSEMANTICALLYTRANSLATORSSHOULDFIRSTREFERTOENCYCLOPEDIAS,DICTIONARIES,ANDSPECIALIZEDHANDBOOKSSUCHAS各国政府机构手册、联合国组织机构名称、世界报刊、电台、通讯社译名手册、英汉技术词典、各科专门术语手册DAILYTELEGRAPH英、澳、新每日电讯报PENTAGON五角大楼美国国防部所在地APASSOCIATEDPRESS美联社美国联合通讯社WHITEHALL白厅英国政府机关所在地FLEETSTREET舰队街英国伦敦的一条街，报馆集中的地方SANDWICHCOURSE工读交替制课程INTRANSLATINGNAMESOFORGANIZATIONS,INSTITUTIONS,TITLES,ETC,REMEMBERTHATDIFFERENTESTABLISHEDVERSIONSMAYAPPLYFORDIFFERENTUSAGEOFTHESAMETERMPRESIDENT总统；大学校长；会长；总裁；董事长；总经理；银行行长；等等CHAIRMAN通常男性主席；董事长；总裁；会长；理事长；委员长；等等SECRETARYOFSTATE大臣英国；国务卿美国GOVERNOR美州长；澳州总督；印邦长；泰府尹MOSTTECHNICALTERMSSHOULDBETRANSLATEDSEMANTICALLY,SOTHATTHEYCANBEREADILYUNDERSTOODBYREADERSNOTHINGGIVESTHETRANSLATORWHOISASTRANGERTOAGIVENSUBJECTMORETROUBLETHANTHETRANSLATIONOFTECHNICALTERMSCRUISEMISSILE巡航导弹STEREOVISION立体视角PICTUREPHONE电视电话MICROFILM缩微胶卷MODEMMODULATORDEMODULATOR调制解调器调解器BALUNBALANCEDUNBALANCEDTRANSFORMER平衡不平衡变换器CERMETCERAMICSMETAL金属陶瓷AVIONICSAVIATIONELECTRONICS航空电子学VODERVOICEOPERATIONDEMONSTRATOR语音合成仪LLLTVLOWLIGHTLEVELTELEVISION微光电视ENGLISHISCHARACTERIZEDBYITSOPENNESSOFVOCABULARYWORDSBORROWEDFROMOTHERLANGUAGESAREOFTENTRANSLATEDSEMANTICALLYCASSETTE法盒式磁带RASTER德光栅KAMIKAZE日神风突击机TUNGSTEN瑞典钨SILO西班牙导弹发射井ROBOT捷机器人；南非自动交通信号机MANYCOMMONWORDSHAVENEWMEANINGSINTHEVOCABULARYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYCHILD计算机子进程；子节点HOST计算机主机，宿主机JEWELBOXCASE计算机光盘拿ANGEL无线电仙波，杂散反射BACKUP计算机备份；返回BUG窃听器；防盗报警器；故障AGOODCOMMANDOFTHEMEANINGSIMPLIEDINPREFIXESORSUFFIXESANDOFTHEWORDFORMATIONOFTECHNICALTERMSISOFGREATHELPTOTRANSLATORS3BOTHTRANSLITERATIONANDSEMANTICTRANSLATION半音音意译SOMEPROPERNAMES,TECHNICALTERMSOROTHERCOMMONNOUNSMAYBEPARTLYTRANSLITERATEDANDPARTLYTRANSLATEDSEMANTICALLYCLUB俱乐部KILOWATT千瓦CAMBRIDGE剑桥NEONSIGN霓虹灯BRINELLTEST布氏试验BABBITMETAL巴氏合金OHMSLAW欧姆定律EINSTEINEQUATION爱因斯坦方程式SOMEWORDSMAYBETRANSLITERATEDWITHSEMANTICTRANSLATIONADDEDATTHEENDORATTHEBEGINNING加字法JEEP吉普车SARDINE沙丁鱼UTOPIA乌托邦INVAR因钢BEER啤酒FLANNEL法兰绒CARBINE卡宾枪BAR酒吧CARD卡片DURAL杜拉铝CZARTSAR沙皇LOGIC逻辑学HAMBURGER汉堡包MALTHUSIANISM马尔萨斯人口论NAMESFROMTRADEMARKSAREOFTENTHUSTRANSLATEDFORDESCORT美福特汽车公司护卫牌汽车HONDA日本田汽车公司DATSUN日达特桑汽车公司TOYOTACOROLLA日丰田汽车公司花冠牌汽车4SHAPERELATEDSYMBOLTRANSLATIONWITHASEMANTICEXPLANATIONADDEDATTHEEND形译兼意译CROSS十字架ZIGZAGWAVE曲折波PYRAMID金字塔TBEAM丁字梁MATTOCK鹤嘴锄ISTEEL工字钢BARREL琵琶桶YPIPEY叉形管SETSQUARE三角板SLINKS形连接VANISHINGCREAM雪花膏VWAYV形导轨HERRINGBONEGEAR人字齿轮CWASHERC形垫圈5SEMANTICTRANSLATIONWITHTHEORIGINALALPHABET,ABBREVIATION,ORNUMBERATTHEBEGINNINGORATTHEEND意译兼字母、缩略语、型号、牌号、标号、数字ATMAUTOMATEDTELLERMACHINEATM机自动柜员机ICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITIC卡集成电路卡XRAYX光照片PH法语POTENTIELDHYDROGENEPH值氢离子浓度指数ATCUT晶片的AT切割PNJUNCTION半导体中的PN结VITAMINB12维生素B12B52美B52轰炸机BOEING737波音737客机FORTRANFORTRAN语言ALFENOL16含铝16的铝铁高导磁合金MODELSI170ACHUCKLATHESI170A型卡盘车床6BORROWINGOFTHEORIGINALABBREVIATION借用原文缩略语DIRECTBORROWINGSOFTHEORIGINALABBREVIATIONSAREMOREOFTENUSEDTHANBEFOREASARESULTOFFREQUENTCROSSCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONS,THEDEVELOPMENTOFFOREIGNLANGUAGEEDUCATIONINCHINA,THEINTRODUCTIONOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,ANDTHEREMARKABLEPROGRESSINTHESPREADOFENGLISHASANINTERNATIONALLANGUAGETHEIRINCREASINGUSEOFFERSADIRECTANDSIMPLERWAYTOEXPRESSWHATHASBEENNEWLYCREATEDTHEFIFTHEDITIONOF现代汉语词典2005INCLUDESQUITEANUMBEROFTHESEBORROWINGS,SUCHASAVAUDIOVISUAL音频和视频TMDTHEATERMISSILEDEFENSE战区导弹防御系统WWWWORLDWIDEWEB万维网OTCOVERTHECOUNTER非处方药CDROMCOMPACTDISCREADONLYMEMORY只读光盘SOHOSMALLOFFICEHOMEOFFICE小型家居办公室IDDINTERNATIONALDIRECTDIAL国际直拨电话ISOINTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONFORSTANDARDIZATION国际标准化组织CIPCATALOGUINGINPUBLICATION在版编目；预编目录EMSEXPRESSMAILSERVICE邮政特快专递GRIGGRADUATERECORDEXAMINATION美国等国家研究生入学资格考试ISBNINTERNATIONALSTANDARDBOOKNUMBER国际标准书号APECASIAPACIFICECONOMICCOOPERATION亚太经济合作组织MP3MPEGIAUDIOLAYER3播放数字音频压缩格式音频文件的袖珍型电子产品7COINAGEOFNEWCHARACTERS创造新词THERESEEMSAFINALWAYTOTRANSLATETECHNICALTERMS,IE,TOCOINNEWCHINESECHARACTERSIFNEEDBEHOWEVER,NEWCHARACTERSSHOULDBEACKNOWLEDGEDBYSCIENTISTSORSPECIALISTSCHEMICALELEMENTSURANIUMU铀PLUTONIUMPU钚RADONRN氡PLATINUMPT铂CHEMICALNOUNSAMMONIA氨ETHER醚ALKANE链烷BENZENE苯MEDICINESSULFADIAZINE磺胺嘧啶PHENOLPHTHALEIN酚酞DRILLSFORTHISSECTION1TRANSLATETHEFOLLOWINGPROPERNAMESOFPERSONSANDPLACES1CHARLESDEGAULLE9CAESARCEZAR2NAPOLEON10OSAKA3PEARLSBUCK11KAKUEITANAKA4YOSHIDA12SYNGMANRHEE5SEOUL13JOHNLEIGHTONSTUART6VLADIVOSTOK14JOHNKINGFAIRBANK7KHABAROVSK15DRJUANMEXICAN8GOLDCOAST16LITTLEROCK2TRANSLATETHEFOLLOWINGPROPERNOUNS1NATOTHENORTHATLANTICTREATYORGANIZATION2UNITEDNATIONSDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMMEUNDP3INTERNATIONALMONETARYFUNDIMF4MATHEMATICSFORTHEMILLIONMAGAZINE5LABOURMONTHLYBRITISHPERIODICAL6BALTIMORESUNAMERICANNEWSPAPER7READERSDIGESTAMERICANPERIODICAL8MALAYANMONITORNEWSPAPER9UNITEDPRESSINTERNATIONALUPI10REBECCAAMERICANNOVELFILM11THEGOLDRUSHAMERICANFILMBYCHAPLIN12OLIVERTWISTBYCHARLESDICKENS3TRANSLATETHEFOLLOWINGTECHNICALTERMS1MORPHINE5MAGNETOPHONE2BAROMETER6PNPTRANSISTOR3PHOTOFLASH7TRIDENT3BBRITISHPLANE4SPUTNIKFROMRUSSIAN8GROUNDTOAIRMISSILE9SPRINTSOLIDPROPELLANTROCKETINTERCEPTOR10SAMOSSATELLITEANDMISSILEOBSERVATIONSYSTEM4EXPLAINYOURCHOICESFROMTHEFOLLOWINGTRANSLATIONS1UNIVERSITYCOLLEGE大学学院大学夜校部2INSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY工艺学校工科大学理工学院3CAREEREDUCATION事业教育生计教育职业教育CFVOCATIONALEDUCATION4MIDDLESCHOOL中间学校中学CFHIGHSCHOOL,SECONDARYSCHOOL5XEROXCORPORATION美施乐公司克塞罗克斯公司6TEXASINSTRUMENTS美午克萨斯仪器公司德州仪器公司7IBMINTERNATIONALBUSINESSMACHINE美国际商业机器公司万国通用机器公司8CONTROLDATACORPORATION美控制数据公司资料管理公司9PRESIDENTREAGAN里根总统CFREGAN雷根总统10ANALYSISOFVARIANCEPROGRAM不同程序的分析方差分析程序11DESCRIPTIONOFPOPULATIONPROGRAM人口程序的叙述方法总体描述程序12SWEETENEDCONDENSEDMILK甜炼乳加糖冷凝牛奶13REDSTAROVERCHINABYEDGARSNOW西行漫记红星普照中国中国上空的红星14UNCLETOMSCABIN黑奴吁天录林纾译汤姆叔叔的小屋汤姆大伯的小屋15DAVIDCOPPERFIELD块肉余生述林纾译大卫科波菲尔16HAMET王子复仇记哈姆雷特17THECALLOFTHEWILD野性的呼声荒野的呼唤18WUTHERINGHEIGHTS魂归离恨天呼啸山庄19AFAREWELLTOARMS战地春梦永别了，武器永别了，战争20FORWHOMTHEBELLTOLLSBYEHEMINGWAY战地钟声丧钟为谁而鸣钟为谁呜21SOLDIERSHOME一个士兵的家庭士兵回家军人之家22SISTERCARRIE嘉莉姑娘嘉莉妹妹23GONEWITHTHEWIND飘随风逝去往事如烟乱世佳人24NEWARABIANADVENTURESBRITISHFILM新天方夜谭新阿拉伯历险记25THEVOYAGEOFDAMNEDBRITISHFILM该死的航程苦海余生26ANIGHTTOREMEMBERBRITISHFILM难忘的一夜冰海沉船27THELASTSNOWSOFSPRINGITALIANFILM父子情深春天的残雪28SOUNDOFMUSICAMERICANFIM仙乐风飘处处闻音乐之声29WATERLOOBRIDGEAMERICANFILM魂断蓝桥滑铁卢桥30BRIEFENCOUNTERBRITISHFILM短暂的邂逅相见恨晚31BLOODANDSANDAMERICANFILM血和沙碧血黄沙ALLSWELLTHATENDSWELLASYOULIKEITCARVEHERNAMEWITHPRIDEOLIVERTWISTLOVESLABOURSLOSTMUCHADOABOUTNOTHINGTHEPILGRIMSPROGRESSSHESTOOPSTOCONQUERTHEWAROFTHEWORLDSHOMEWORKONEMORNING,INTHEFALLOF1880,AMIDDLEA